Author:
- Fox, Nick J.
Abstract:
Personal health technologies are near-body devices or applications designed for use by a single individual, principally outside healthcare facilities. They enable users to monitor physiological processes or body activity, are frequently communication-enabled and sometimes also intervene therapeutically. This article explores a range of personal health technologies, from blood pressure or blood glucose monitors purchased in pharmacies and fitness monitors such as Fitbit and Nike+ Fuelband to drug pumps and implantable medical devices. It applies a new materialist analysis, first reverse engineering a range of personal health technologies to explore their micropolitics and then forward engineering personal health technologies to meet, variously, public health, corporate, patient and resisting-citizen agendas. This article concludes with a critical discussion of personal health technologies and the possibilities of designing devices and apps that might foster subversive micropolitics and encourage collective and resisting ‘citizen health’.
Document:
https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459315590248
References:
A&D Medical (2015) Connected health study: Harris Poll. Available at: http://www.wellnessconnected.com/ad-connected-health-survey (accessed 1 January 2015). Google Scholar | |
Ansell Pearson, K (1999) Germinal Life. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
Armstrong, D (1995) The rise of surveillance medicine. Sociology of Health & Illness 17: 393–404. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Barad, K (1996) Meeting the universe halfway; realism and social constructivism without contradiction. In: Nelson, LH, Nelson, J (eds) Feminism, Science and the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 165–194. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Braidotti, R (2000) Teratologies. In: Buchanan, I, Colebrook, C (eds) Deleuze and Feminist Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 156–172. Google Scholar | |
Braidotti, R (2006) Transpositions. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
Braidotti, R (2011) Nomadic Theory. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | |
Braidotti, R (2013) The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
Cashell, GTW (1971) A short history of spectacles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 64: 1063–1064. Google Scholar | Abstract | |
Clough, PT (2004) Future matters: Technoscience, global politics, and cultural criticism. Social Text 22(3): 1–23. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Clough, PT (2008) The affective turn: Political economy, biomedia and bodies. Theory, Culture & Society 25: 1–22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
Conrad, P (2007) The Medicalization of Society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar | |
Coole, DH, Frost, S (2010) Introducing the new materialisms. In: Coole, DH, Frost, S (eds) New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 1–43. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Crubézy, E, Murail, P, Girard, L. (1998, January 1) False teeth of the Roman world. Nature 391: 29. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Davis, K (1991) Inequality and access to health care. The Milbank Quarterly 69(2): 253–273. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
DeLanda, M (2006) A New Philosophy of Society. London: Continuum. Google Scholar | |
DeLanda, M (2013) Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Google Scholar | |
Dodge, M, Kitchin, R (2007) ‘Outlines of a world coming into existence’: Pervasive computing and the ethics of forgetting. Environment and Planning B: Planning & Design 34(3): 431–445. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
England, R, England, T, Coggon, J (2007) The ethical and legal implications of deactivating an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in a patient with terminal cancer. Journal of Medical Ethics 9(1): 538–540. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Fox, NJ (2011) Boundary objects, social meanings and the success of new technologies. Sociology 45(1): 70–85. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
Fox, NJ, Alldred, P (2013) The sexuality-assemblage: Desire, affect, anti-humanism. Sociological Review 61(6): 769–789. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
Fox, NJ, Alldred, P (2014) New materialist social inquiry: Designs, methods and the research-assemblage. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18(4): 399–414. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
Fox, NJ, Ward, KJ (2008) Pharma in the bedroom … and the kitchen … The pharmaceuticalisation of daily life. Sociology of Health & Illness 30(6): 856–868. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Gabrys, J (2014) Programming environments: Environmentality and citizen sensing in the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society & Space 32(1): 30–48. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
Goldenberg, I, Gillespie, J, Moss, AJ. (2010) Long-term benefit of primary prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circulation 122: 1265–1271. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Green, J, Labonté, R (2008) Introduction: From critique to engagement. In: Green, J, Labonté, R (eds) Critical Perspectives in Public Health. London: Routledge, pp. 1–11. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Grosz, E (1994) Volatile Bodies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar | |
Haraway, D (1997) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.Femaleman_Meets_Oncomouse. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
Hodson, H (2014) A check-up in your pocket. New Scientist, 18 November, p. 22. Google Scholar | |
Kaplan, RM, Stone, AA (2013) Bringing the laboratory and clinic to the community: Mobile technologies for health promotion and disease prevention. Annual Review of Psychology 64: 471–498. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
Kay, M (2014) Challenges in personal health tracking: The data isn’t enough. Crossroads 21(2): 32–37. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Latour, B (2005) Reassembling the Social. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
Lee, VR (2013) The Quantified Self (QS) movement and some emerging opportunities for the educational technology field. Educational Technology 53(6): 39–42. Available at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/itls_facpub/480 Google Scholar | |
Leonard, S (2012) Despite challenges ahead, global medical device market to reach $415 billion in 2016. QMed, 16 May. Available at: http://www.qmed.com/mpmn/medtechpulse/despite-challenges-ahead-global-medical-device-market-reach-415-billion-2016 Google Scholar | |
Lupton, D (2013) Quantifying the body: Monitoring and measuring health in the age of mHealth technologies. Critical Public Health 23(4): 393–403. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
Lupton, D (2014a) Critical perspectives on digital health technologies. Sociology Compass 8(12): 1344–1359. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Lupton, D (2014b) Health promotion in the digital era: A critical commentary. Health Promotion International. Epub ahead of print 15 October. DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dau091. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Lupton, D (2014c) Self-tracking modes: Reflexive self-monitoring and data practices. In: Imminent citizenships: Personhood and identity politics in the informatic age workshop. Canberra, ACT, Australia, 27 August. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian National University. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2483549 Google Scholar | |
McGregor, S (2001) Neoliberalism and health care. International Journal of Consumer Studies 25(2): 82–89. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Maisel, WH, Kohno, T (2010) Improving the security and privacy of implantable medical devices. New England Journal of Medicine 362(13): 1164–1166. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Maramis, C, Diou, C, Ioakeimidis, I. (2014) Preventing obesity and eating disorders through behavioural modifications: The SPLENDID vision. In: 4th international conference on wireless mobile communication and healthcare. Athens. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7015895 Google Scholar | |
Massumi, B (1996) The autonomy of affect. In: Patton, P (ed.) Deleuze: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 217–239. Google Scholar | |
Mol, A (2009) Living with diabetes: Care beyond choice and control. The Lancet 373(9677): 1756–1757. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
Mooney, G (2012) Neoliberalism is bad for our health. International Journal of Health Services 42(3): 383–401. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
Mort, M, Roberts, C, Callén, B (2013) Ageing with telecare: Care or coercion in austerity? Sociology of Health & Illness 35(6): 799–812. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
Ngai, D (2010) Turning off the implantable cardioverter defibrillator to prevent pre-death electrical shocks: An exercise and right in the refusal of medical treatment. The Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics 7(1). Available at: https://ispub.com/IJLHE/7/1/6279 Google Scholar | |
Oudshoorn, N (2011) Telecare Technologies and the Transformation of Healthcare. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Paddock, C (2013) How self-monitoring is transforming health. Medical News Today, 15 August. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264784.php Google Scholar | |
Pantelopoulos, A, Bourbakis, NG (2010) A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics – Part C: Applications and Reviews 40(1): 1–12. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Parker, AG, Kantroo, V, Lee, HR. (2012) Health promotion as activism: Building community capacity to effect social change. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, Austin, TX, May 2012, pp. 99–108. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Patel, S, Park, H, Bonato, P. (2012) A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 9: 21. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
Petersen, A, Lupton, D (1996) The New Public Health: Health and Self in the Age of Risk. London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
Phelan, JC, Link, BG, Tehranifar, P (2010) Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51: S28–S40. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
Pickup, JC (2014) Diabetes: Insulin pump therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10(11): 647–649. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Pols, J (2012) Care at a Distance: On the Closeness of Technology. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Ren, J, Batra, J (2013) Personal Medical Device Technology-as-a-Service. Sunnyvale, CA: MQ Identity, Inc. Google Scholar | |
Rimal, RN, Ratzan, SC, Arnston, P. (1997) Reconceptualizing the ‘patient’: Health care promotion as increasing citizens’ decision-making competencies. Health Communication 9(1): 61–74. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Rodgers, MM, Cohen, ZA, Joseph, L. (2012) Workshop on personal motion technologies for healthy independent living: Executive summary. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93(6): 935–939. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Ruckenstein, M (2014) Visualized and interacted life: Personal analytics and engagements with data doubles. Societies 4(1): 68–84. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Shaw, J, Baker, M (2004) Expert patient: Dream or nightmare? British Medical Journal 328: 723–724. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
Silicon Laboratories (n.d.) The heartbeat behind portable medical devices: Ultra-low-power mixed-signal microcontrollers. Available at: http://www.silabs.com/Support%20Documents/TechnicalDocs/Personal-medical-device-market-white-paper.pdf Google Scholar | |
Szasz, T, Hollender, M (1956) A contribution to the philosophy of medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine 97: 585–592. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Till, C (2014) Exercise as labour: Quantified self and the transformation of exercise into labour. Societies 4: 446–462. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
Topham, D (2003) Medical Devices: The UK Industry and its Technology Development. Loughborough: Prime Faraday Partnership, University of Loughborough. Google Scholar | |
Transparency Market Research (2014) Self-care medical devices market – Global industry analysis 2013–2019. Available at: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/self-care-medical-devices.html Google Scholar | |
Van der Tuin, I, Dolphijn, R (2010) The transversality of new materialism. Women: A Cultural Review 21(2): 153–171. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
West, DM (2013) Improving health care through mobile medical devices and sensors. Brookings Brief, 22 October. Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/10/22-improving-health-care-mobile-medical-devices-apps-sensors-west Google Scholar | |
Zoller, HM (2005) Health activism: Communication theory and action for social change. Communication Theory 15(4): 341–364. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |