Author(s):

  • Iþil Oygür
  • Zhaoyuan Su
  • Daniel A. Epstein
  • Yunan Chen

Abstract:

Children are increasingly using wearables with physical activity tracking features. Although research has designed and evaluated novel features for supporting parent-child collaboration with these wearables, less is known about how families naturally adopt and use these technologies in their everyday life. We conducted interviews with 17 families who have naturally adopted child-owned wearables to understand how they use wearables individually and collaboratively. Parents are primarily motivated to use child-owned wearables for children’s long-term health and wellbeing, whereas children mostly seek out entertainment and feeling accomplished through reaching goals. Children are often unable to interpret or contextualize the measures that wearables record, while parents do not regularly track these measures and focus on deviations from their children’s routines. We discuss opportunities for making naturally-occurring family moments educational to positively contribute to children’s conceptual understanding of health, such as developing age-appropriate trackable metrics for shared goal-setting and data reflection.

Documentation:

https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445376

References:
  1. Swamy Ananthanarayan, Katie Siek, and Michael Eisenberg. 2016. A craft approach to health awareness in children. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS ’16), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 724–735. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901888
  2. Päivi Astedt-Kurki, Hanna Hopia, and Anne Vuori. 1999. Family health in everyday life: a qualitative study on well-being in families with children. J Adv Nurs 29, 3 (March 1999), 704–711.
  3. Päivi Astedt-Kurki, Eija Paavilainen, and Kristiina Lehti. 2001. Methodological issues in interviewing families in family nursing research. J Adv Nurs 35, 2 (July 2001), 288–293. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01845.x
  4. Brigid Barron. 2004. Learning ecologies for technological fluency: gender and experience differences. Journal of Educational Computing Research 31, 1 (2004), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.2190/1N20-VV12-4RB5-33VA
  5. Brigid Barron. 2006. Interest and self-sustained learning as catalysts of development: a learning ecology perspective. Human Development 49, 4 (2006), 193–224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094368
  6. Brigid Barron, Caitlin Kennedy Martin, Lori Takeuchi, and Rachel Fithian. 2009. Parents as learning partners in the development of technological fluency. International Journal of Learning and Media 1, 2 (2009), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1162/ijlm.2009.0021
  7. Barbara L. Beacham and Janet A. Deatrick. 2015. Children with chronic conditions: perspectives on condition management. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 30, 1 (February 2015), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.10.011
  8. Lindsay Blackwell, Emma Gardiner, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2016. Managing expectations: technology tensions among parents and teens. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing – CSCW ’16, ACM Press, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1388–1399. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819928
  9. Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (January 2006), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  10. Ilona Buchem. 2019. Design principles for wearable enhanced embodied learning of movement. In Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Ubiquitous and Virtual Environments for Learning and Collaboration (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Springer, Cham, 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21817-1_2
  11. Meng-Ying Chan, Yi-Hsuan Lin, Long-Fei Lin, Ting-Wei Lin, Wei-Che Hsu, Chia-yu Chang, Rui Liu, Ko-Yu Chang, Min-hua Lin, and Jane Yung-jen Hsu. 2017. WAKEY: assisting parent-child communication for better morning routines. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW ’17), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2287–2299. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998233
  12. Franceli L. Cibrian, Kimberley D. Lakes, Arya Tavakoulnia, Kayla Guzman, Sabrina Schuck, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2020. Supporting self-regulation of children with ADHD using wearables: tensions and design challenges. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376837
  13. Lynn Schofield Clark. 2011. Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory 21, 4 (2011), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x
  14. Cynthia Garcia Coll and Laura A. Szalacha. 2004. The multiple contexts of middle childhood. Future of Children 14, 2 (2004), 81–97.
  15. Sunny Consolvo, Predrag Klasnja, David W. McDonald, and James A. Landay. 2009. Goal-setting considerations for persuasive technologies that encourage physical activity. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Persuasive ’09), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/1541948.1541960
  16. Dataintelo. 2019. Global kids smartwatch market research report 2019-2025. Retrieved September 14, 2020 from https://dataintelo.com/report/global-kids-smartwatch-market/
  17. Katie Davis, Anja Dinhopl, and Alexis Hiniker. 2019. “Everything’s the phone”: understanding the phone’s supercharged role in parent-teen relationships. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’19, ACM Press, Glasgow, Scotland Uk, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300457
  18. Chris Elsden, David S. Kirk, and Abigail C. Durrant. 2016. A quantified past: toward design for remembering with personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 31, 6 (November 2016), 518–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2015.1093422
  19. Daniel A. Epstein, Clara Caldeira, Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Xi Lu, Lucas M. Silva, Lucretia Williams, Jong Ho Lee, Qingyang Li, Simran Ahuja, Qiuer Chen, Payam Dowlatyari, Craig Hilby, Sazeda Sultana, Elizabeth V. Eikey, and Yunan Chen. 2020. Mapping and taking stock of the personal informatics literature. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 4, 4 (December 2020), 126:1-126:38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432231
  20. Daniel A. Epstein, An Ping, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2015. A lived informatics model of personal informatics. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ’15), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 731–742. https://doi.org/10.1145/2750858.2804250
  21. Brittany Garcia, Sharon Lynn Chu, Beth Nam, and Colin Banigan. 2018. Wearables for learning: examining the smartwatch as a tool for situated science reflection. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, Montreal QC Canada, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173830
  22. Radhika Garg and Christopher Moreno. 2019. Understanding motivators, constraints, and practices of sharing internet of things. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 2 (June 2019), 44:1-44:21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3328915
  23. Elisabeth Gee, Lori Takeuchi, and Ellen Wartella (Eds.). 2017. Children and families in the digital age: learning together in a media saturated culture (1st ed.). Routledge, New York.
  24. Arup Kumar Ghosh, Karla Badillo-Urquiola, Shion Guha, Joseph J. LaViola Jr, and Pamela J. Wisniewski. 2018. Safety vs. surveillance: what children have to say about mobile apps for parental control. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’18, ACM Press, Montreal QC, Canada, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173698
  25. Sandra Burri Gram-Hansen. 2019. Family wearables – what makes them persuasive? Behaviour & Information Technology (November 2019), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1694993
  26. Andrea Grimes, Desney Tan, and Dan Morris. 2009. Toward technologies that support family reflections on health. In Proceedings of the ACM 2009 international conference on Supporting group work (GROUP ’09), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1145/1531674.1531721
  27. Alexis Hiniker, Sarita Y. Schoenebeck, and Julie A. Kientz. 2016. Not at the dinner table: parents’ and children’s perspectives on family technology rules. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ’16), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1376–1389. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819940
  28. Hee Jhee Jiow, Sun Sun Lim, and Julian Lin. 2017. Level up! Refreshing parental mediation theory for our digital media landscape. Communication Theory 27, 3 (2017), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12109
  29. Mikkel S. Jørgensen, Frederik K. Nissen, Jeni Paay, Jesper Kjeldskov, and Mikael B. Skov. 2016. Monitoring children’s physical activity and sleep: a study of surveillance and information disclosure. In Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI ’16), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010936
  30. Elizabeth Kaziunas, Mark S. Ackerman, Silvia Lindtner, and Joyce M. Lee. 2017. Caring through data: attending to the social and emotional experiences of health datafication. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW ’17), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2260–2272. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998303
  31. Si Jung Kim and Catherine A. Bacos. 2020. Wearable stories for children: embodied learning through pretend and physical play. Interactive Learning Environments (May 2020), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1764979
  32. Yiannis Koumpouros and Thomas Toulias. 2020. User centered design and assessment of a wearable application for children with autistic spectrum disorder supporting daily activities. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, ACM, Corfu Greece, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3398002
  33. Victor R. Lee, Joel R. Drake, and Jeffrey L. Thayne. 2016. Appropriating quantified self technologies to support elementary statistical teaching and learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 9, 4 (October 2016), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2016.2597142
  34. Victor R. Lee and R. Benjamin Shapiro. 2019. A broad view of wearables as learning technologies: current and emerging applications. In Learning in a Digital World: Perspective on Interactive Technologies for Formal and Informal Education, Paloma Díaz, Andri Ioannou, Kaushal Kumar Bhagat and J. Michael Spector (eds.). Springer, Singapore, 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8265-9_6
  35. Ian Li, Anind Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2010. A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’10), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753409
  36. Qingyang Li, Daniel A. Epstein, Clara Caldeira, and Yunan Chen. 2020. Supporting caring among intergenerational family members through family fitness tracking. In PervasiveHealth ’20, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3421937.3422018
  37. Sonia Livingstone. 2002. Young people and new media: childhood and the changing media environment (1st ed.). SAGE, London; Thousand Oaks, CA.
  38. Sonia Livingstone and Ellen J. Helsper. 2008. Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 52, 4 (November 2008), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396
  39. Kai Lukoff, Taoxi Li, Yuan Zhuang, and Brian Y. Lim. 2018. TableChat: mobile food journaling to facilitate family support for healthy eating. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW (November 2018), 114:1-114:28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274383
  40. Kelly A. Mackintosh, Stephanie E. Chappel, Jo Salmon, Anna Timperio, Kylie Ball, Helen Brown, Susie Macfarlane, and Nicola D. Ridgers. 2019. Parental perspectives of a wearable activity tracker for children younger than 13 years: acceptability and usability study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, 11 (2019), e13858. https://doi.org/10.2196/13858
  41. Brittany Masteller, John Sirard, and Patty Freedson. 2017. The physical activity tracker testing in youth (P.A.T.T.Y.) study: Content analysis and children’s perceptions. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 5, 4 (April 2017). https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.6347
  42. Kelly Mendoza. 2013. Surveying Parental mediation: connections, challenges and questions for media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education 1, 1 (September 2013), 28–41.
  43. Jan Müller, Anna-Maria Hoch, Vanessa Zoller, and Renate Oberhoffer. 2018. Feasibility of physical activity assessment with wearable devices in children aged 4–10 years—a pilot study. Front Pediatr 6, (January 2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00005
  44. Sean A. Munson and Sunny Consolvo. 2012. Exploring goal-setting, rewards, self-monitoring, and sharing to motivate physical activity. In 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2012.248691
  45. Amy I. Nathanson. 1999. Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s aggression. Communication Research 26, 2 (1999), 124–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002
  46. Jasmin Niess and Paweł W. Woźniak. 2018. Supporting meaningful personal fitness: the tracker goal evolution model. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173745
  47. Işıl Oygür, Daniel A. Epstein, and Yunan Chen. 2020. Raising the responsible child: collaborative work in the use of activity trackers for children. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact 4, CSCW2 (2020), 157:1-157:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415228
  48. Michael Quinn Patton. 1990. Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, US.
  49. Laura R. Pina, Sang-Wha Sien, Teresa Ward, Jason C. Yip, Sean A. Munson, James Fogarty, and Julie A. Kientz. 2017. From personal informatics to family informatics: understanding family practices around health monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, ACM, Portland Oregon USA, 2300–2315. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998362
  50. Laura Pina, Sang-Wha Sien, Clarissa Song, Teresa M. Ward, James Fogarty, Sean A. Munson, and Julie A. Kientz. 2020. DreamCatcher: exploring how parents and school-age children can track and review sleep information together. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW1 (May 2020), 070:1-070:25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392882
  51. Emma Rich, Sarah Lewis, Andy Miah, Deborah Lupton, and Lukasz Piwek. 2020. Digital health generation? Young people’s use of ‘healthy lifestyle’ technologies. University of Bath, Bath, UK. Retrieved from https://www.digitalhealthgeneration.net/final-report
  52. John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, and Matthew Chalmers Chalmers. 2014. Personal tracking as lived informatics. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems – CHI ’14, ACM Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557039
  53. Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Vivien Morris, Magy Seif El-Nasr, and Andrea G. Parker. 2020. Storywell: designing for family fitness app motivation by using social rewards and reflection. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376686
  54. Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Vivien Morris, and Andrea G. Parker. 2018. Family health promotion in low-SES neighborhoods: a two-month study of wearable activity tracking. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173883
  55. Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Vivien Morris, and Andrea G. Parker. 2019. Social reflections on fitness tracking data: a study with families in low-SES neighborhoods. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300543
  56. Herman Saksono and Andrea G. Parker. 2017. Reflective informatics through family storytelling: self-discovering physical activity predictors. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’17), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5232–5244. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025651
  57. Herman Saksono, Ashwini Ranade, Geeta Kamarthi, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica A. Hoffman, Cathy Wirth, and Andrea G. Parker. 2015. Spaceship Launch: designing a collaborative exergame for families. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ’15), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1776–1787. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675159
  58. Christopher L. Schaefbauer, Danish U. Khan, Amy Le, Garrett Sczechowski, and Katie A. Siek. 2015. Snack Buddy: supporting healthy snacking in low socioeconomic status families. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ’15), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1045–1057. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675180
  59. Sara E. Schaefer, Cynthia Carter Ching, Heather Breen, and J. Bruce German. 2016. Wearing, thinking, and moving: testing the feasibility of fitness tracking with urban youth. American Journal of Health Education 47, 1 (January 2016), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2015.1111174
  60. L. Takeuchi and R. Stevens. 2011. The new coviewing: designing for learning through joint media engagement. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, New York. Retrieved December 29, 2020 from https://joanganzcooneycenter.org/publication/the-new-coviewing-designing-for-learning-through-joint-media-engagement/
  61. Tammy Toscos, Kay Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. 2012. Best intentions: health monitoring technology and children. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’12), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208603
  62. Catrine Tudor-Locke, Cora L. Craig, Michael W. Beets, Sarahjane Belton, Greet M. Cardon, Scott Duncan, Yoshiro Hatano, David R. Lubans, Timothy S. Olds, Anders Raustorp, David A. Rowe, John C. Spence, Shigeho Tanaka, and Steven N. Blair. 2011. How many steps/day are enough? for children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 8, 1 (July 2011), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-78
  63. Patti M. Valkenburg, Marina Krcmar, Allerd L. Peeters, and Nies M. Marseille. 1999. Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: “instructive mediation,” “restrictive mediation,” and “social coviewing.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 43, 1 (January 1999), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474
  64. World Health Organization. 2019. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Retrieved September 14, 2020 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541170/