Author(s):

  • Janghee Cho
  • Tian Xu
  • Abigail Zimmermann-Niefield
  • Stephen Voida

Abstract:

Personal informatics (PI) systems have been developed to support reflection. While reflection is considered an indispensable activity in PI use, how and when reflection occurs is still under-studied. In this paper, we present an analysis of the interactive features of 123 commercial PI apps, revealing that reflective practices are unevenly supported. The lack of features that encourage user-driven reflection, scaffolding for setting goals and configuring data collection and presentation, and consideration of wider implications stand to limit meaning-making and frustrate nuanced insight generation based on lived experiences. Based on our findings, we discuss how reflection is currently misrepresented in personal informatics tools, identify and characterize the gaps between theoretical research on reflection and interface features in current apps, and offer suggestions about how reflection could be better supported.

Documentation:

https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501991

References:
  1. Parastoo Abtahi, Victoria Ding, Anna C. Yang, Tommy Bruzzese, Alyssa B. Romanos, Elizabeth L. Murnane, Sean Follmer, and James A. Landay. 2020. Understanding Physical Practices and the Role of Technology in Manual Self-Tracking. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 4, 4, Article 115 (Dec. 2020), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432236
  2. Amer Sports Digital Services Oy. 2021. Sports Tracker for All Sports. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sports-tracker-for-all-sports/id426684873
  3. Apalon Apps. 2021. Productive – Habit Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/productive-habit-tracker/id983826477
  4. Appostafat GMBH. 2021. Fitonomy – Personal Trainer. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fitonomy-weight-loss-at-home/id1107242759
  5. Amid Ayobi, Paul Marshall, and Anna L. Cox. 2020. Trackly: A Customisable and Pictorial Self-Tracking App to Support Agency in Multiple Sclerosis Self-Care. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376809
  6. Amid Ayobi, Tobias Sonne, Paul Marshall, and Anna L Cox. 2018. Flexible and mindful self-tracking: design implications from paper bullet journals. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1–14.
  7. Azumio Inc.2021. Argus: Calorie Counter & Step. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/argus-calorie-counter-step/id624329444
  8. Azumio Inc.2021. Glucose Buddy Diabetes Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/glucose-buddy-diabetes-tracker/id294754639
  9. Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell. 2013. What is ”Critical” about Critical Design?Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3297–3306. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466451
  10. Basenji Apps. 2021. Breeze: mood tracker, diary. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/breeze-mood-tracker-diary/id1450365119
  11. Jared S. Bauer, Sunny Consolvo, Benjamin Greenstein, Jonathan Schooler, Eric Wu, Nathaniel F. Watson, and Julie Kientz. 2012. ShutEye: Encouraging Awareness of Healthy Sleep Recommendations with a Mobile, Peripheral Display. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1401–1410. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208600
  12. Eric PS Baumer. 2015. Reflective informatics: conceptual dimensions for designing technologies of reflection. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 585–594.
  13. Eric P.S. Baumer, Sherri Jean Katz, Jill E. Freeman, Phil Adams, Amy L. Gonzales, John Pollak, Daniela Retelny, Jeff Niederdeppe, Christine M. Olson, and Geri K. Gay. 2012. Prescriptive Persuasion and Open-Ended Social Awareness: Expanding the Design Space of Mobile Health. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Seattle, Washington, USA) (CSCW ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 475–484. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145279
  14. Eric PS Baumer, Vera Khovanskaya, Mark Matthews, Lindsay Reynolds, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Geri Gay. 2014. Reviewing reflection: on the use of reflection in interactive system design. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems. ACM, New York, 93–102.
  15. Victoria Bellotti and Keith Edwards. 2001. Intelligibility and accountability: human considerations in context-aware systems. Human–Computer Interaction 16, 2-4 (2001), 193–212.
  16. Frank Bentley, Konrad Tollmar, Peter Stephenson, Laura Levy, Brian Jones, Scott Robertson, Ed Price, Richard Catrambone, and Jeff Wilson. 2013. Health Mashups: Presenting statistical patterns between wellbeing data and context in natural language to promote behavior change. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 20, 5(2013), 30.
  17. Marit Bentvelzen, Jasmin Niess, Mikołaj P. Woundefinedniak, and Paweł W. Woundefinedniak. 2021. The Development and Validation of the Technology-Supported Reflection Inventory. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 366, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445673
  18. David Boud, Rosemary Keogh, and David Walker. 2013. Reflection: Turning experience into learning. RoutledgeFalmer, London.
  19. Dionne Bowie-DaBreo, Sandra I Sünram-Lea, Corina Sas, and Heather Iles-Smith. 2020. Evaluation of treatment descriptions and alignment with clinical guidance of apps for depression on app stores: Systematic search and content analysis. JMIR Formative Resesearch 4, 11 (13 Nov 2020), e14988. https://doi.org/10.2196/14988
  20. Hronn Brynjarsdottir, Maria Håkansson, James Pierce, Eric Baumer, Carl DiSalvo, and Phoebe Sengers. 2012. Sustainably unpersuaded: how persuasion narrows our vision of sustainability. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 947–956.
  21. Charity Miles. 2021. Charity Miles. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/charity-miles/id505253234
  22. Bagele Chilisa. 2019. Indigenous research methodologies. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  23. Janghee Cho, Laura Devendorf, and Stephen Voida. 2021. From The Art of Reflection to The Art of Noticing: A Shifting View of Self-Tracking Technologies’ Role in Supporting Sustainable Food Practices. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 298, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451838
  24. Eun Kyoung Choe. 2014. Designing self-monitoring technology to promote data capture and reflection. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  25. Eun Kyoung Choe, Saeed Abdullah, Mashfiqui Rabbi, Edison Thomaz, Daniel A Epstein, Felicia Cordeiro, Matthew Kay, Gregory D Abowd, Tanzeem Choudhury, James Fogarty, 2017. Semi-automated tracking: a balanced approach for self-monitoring applications. IEEE Pervasive Computing 16, 1 (2017), 74–84.
  26. Eun Kyoung Choe, Bongshin Lee, and m.c. schraefel. 2015. Characterizing visualization insights from quantified selfers’ personal data presentations. IEEE computer graphics and applications 35, 4 (2015), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2015.51
  27. Eun Kyoung Choe, Bongshin Lee, Haining Zhu, Nathalie Henry Riche, and Dominikus Baur. 2017. Understanding self-reflection: how people reflect on personal data through visual data exploration. In Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. ACM, New York, 173–182.
  28. Eun Kyoung Choe, Nicole B Lee, Bongshin Lee, Wanda Pratt, and Julie A Kientz. 2014. Understanding quantified-selfers’ practices in collecting and exploring personal data. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1143–1152.
  29. Chia-Fang Chung, Qiaosi Wang, Jessica Schroeder, Allison Cole, Jasmine Zia, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2019. Identifying and Planning for Individualized Change: Patient-Provider Collaboration Using Lightweight Food Diaries in Healthy Eating and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 1, Article 7 (March 2019), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314394
  30. Marc Clarà. 2015. What is reflection? Looking for clarity in an ambiguous notion. Journal of teacher education 66, 3 (2015), 261–271.
  31. Adrian K. Clear, Kirstie O’neill, Adrian Friday, and Mike Hazas. 2016. Bearing an Open “Pandora’s Box”: HCI for Reconciling Everyday Food and Sustainability. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 23, 5, Article 28 (Oct. 2016), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2970817
  32. Rob Comber, Jettie Hoonhout, Aart van Halteren, Paula Moynihan, and Patrick Olivier. 2013. Food Practices as Situated Action: Exploring and Designing for Everyday Food Practices with Households. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2457–2466. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481340
  33. Sunny Consolvo, Predrag Klasnja, David W McDonald, and James A Landay. 2009. Goal-setting considerations for persuasive technologies that encourage physical activity. In Proceedings of the 4th international Conference on Persuasive Technology. ACM, New York, 8.
  34. Felicia Cordeiro, Elizabeth Bales, Erin Cherry, and James Fogarty. 2015. Rethinking the Mobile Food Journal: Exploring Opportunities for Lightweight Photo-Based Capture. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). ACM, New York, 3207–3216. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702154
  35. Dan Cosley, Elizabeth Churchill, Jodi Forlizzi, and Sean A Munson. 2017. Introduction to this special issue on the lived experience of personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 197–207.
  36. Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Clara Caldeira, Tera L. Reynolds, Sean Victory, Kai Zheng, and Yunan Chen. 2017. Self-Tracking for Fertility Care: Collaborative Support for a Highly Personalized Problem. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 1, CSCW, Article 36 (Dec. 2017), 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134671
  37. Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Thu Huynh, Anna Takei, Daniel A Epstein, and Yunan Chen. 2021. Goals, life events, and transitions: examining fertility apps for holistic health tracking. JAMIA open 4, 1 (2021), ooab013.
  38. Nediyana Daskalova, Eindra Kyi, Kevin Ouyang, Arthur Borem, Sally Chen, Sung Hyun Park, Nicole Nugent, and Jeff Huang. 2021. Self-E: Smartphone-Supported Guidance for Customizable Self-Experimentation. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 227, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445100
  39. Nediyana Daskalova, Bongshin Lee, Jeff Huang, Chester Ni, and Jessica Lundin. 2018. Investigating the effectiveness of cohort-based sleep recommendations. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 101.
  40. Nediyana Daskalova, Jina Yoon, Yibing Wang, Cintia Araujo, Guillermo Beltran, Nicole Nugent, John McGeary, Joseph Jay Williams, and Jeff Huang. 2020. SleepBandits: Guided Flexible Self-Experiments for Sleep. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376584
  41. Anjali Devakumar, Jay Modh, Bahador Saket, Eric P. S. Baumer, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2021. A Review on Strategies for Data Collection, Reflection, and Communication in Eating Disorder Apps. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 547, 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445670
  42. John Dewey. 1910. How we think. D. C. Health, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1037/10903-000
  43. Elizabeth Victoria Eikey, Clara Marques Caldeira, Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Yunan Chen, Jessica L Borelli, Melissa Mazmanian, and Kai Zheng. 2021. Beyond self-reflection: Introducing the concept of rumination in personal informatics. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 25 (June 2021), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-021-01573-w
  44. Elizabeth V Eikey and Madhu C Reddy. 2017. ” It’s Definitely Been a Journey” A Qualitative Study on How Women with Eating Disorders Use Weight Loss Apps. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 642–654.
  45. Chris Elsden, Abigail C Durrant, David Chatting, and David S Kirk. 2017. Designing documentary informatics. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 649–661.
  46. Chris Elsden, Abigail C. Durrant, and David S. Kirk. 2016. It’s Just My History Isn’t It? Understanding Smart Journaling Practices. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2819–2831. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858103
  47. Chris Elsden, David S Kirk, and Abigail C Durrant. 2016. A quantified past: Toward design for remembering with personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 31, 6 (2016), 518–557.
  48. Chris Elsden, Mark Selby, Abigail Durrant, and David Kirk. 2016. Fitter, happier, more productive: what to ask of a data-driven life. interactions 23, 5 (2016), 45–45.
  49. Daniel A. Epstein, Clara Caldeira, Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Xi Lu, Lucas M. Silva, Lucretia Williams, Jong Ho Lee, Qingyang Li, Simran Ahuja, Qiuer Chen, Payam Dowlatyari, Craig Hilby, Sazeda Sultana, Elizabeth V. Eikey, and Yunan Chen. 2020. Mapping and Taking Stock of the Personal Informatics Literature. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 4, 4, Article 126 (Dec. 2020), 38 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432231
  50. Daniel A Epstein, Monica Caraway, Chuck Johnston, An Ping, James Fogarty, and Sean A Munson. 2016. Beyond abandonment to next steps: understanding and designing for life after personal informatics tool use. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1109–1113.
  51. Daniel A. Epstein, Jennifer H. Kang, Laura R. Pina, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2016. Reconsidering the Device in the Drawer: Lapses as a Design Opportunity in Personal Informatics. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (Heidelberg, Germany) (UbiComp ’16). ACM, New York, 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971656
  52. Daniel A. Epstein, Nicole B. Lee, Jennifer H. Kang, Elena Agapie, Jessica Schroeder, Laura R. Pina, James Fogarty, Julie A. Kientz, and Sean Munson. 2017. Examining Menstrual Tracking to Inform the Design of Personal Informatics Tools. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). ACM, New York, 6876–6888. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025635
  53. Daniel A Epstein, An Ping, James Fogarty, and Sean A Munson. 2015. A lived informatics model of personal informatics. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 731–742.
  54. FatSecret. 2021. Calorie Counter by FatSecret. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/calorie-counter-by-fatsecret/id347184248
  55. Clayton Feustel, Shyamak Aggarwal, Bongshin Lee, and Lauren Wilcox. 2018. People Like Me: Designing for Reflection on Aggregate Cohort Data in Personal Informatics Systems. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 107.
  56. FITNESS22 LTD. 2021. Couch to 5K Runner. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/couch-to-5k-runner/id448357306
  57. FitNow. 2021. Lose It! –- Calorie Counter. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lose-it-calorie-counter/id297368629
  58. Mary FitzGerald. 1994. Theories of reflection for learning. In Reflective Practice in Nursing: The Growth of the Professional Practitioner, Anthony Palmer, Sarah Burns, and Chris Bulman (Eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 63–84.
  59. Rowanne Fleck and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2010. Reflecting on reflection: framing a design landscape. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction. ACM, New York, 216–223.
  60. FLO HEALTH, INC.2021. Flo Period & Ovulation Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/flo-period-ovulation-tracker/id1038369065
  61. Forward Human, Inc.2021. Jour: Daily Self-Care Journal. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/jour-daily-self-care-journal/id1439590239
  62. Elliot G. Mitchell, Elizabeth M. Heitkemper, Marissa Burgermaster, Matthew E. Levine, Yishen Miao, Maria L. Hwang, Pooja M. Desai, Andrea Cassells, Jonathan N. Tobin, Esteban G. Tabak, David J. Albers, Arlene M. Smaldone, and Lena Mamykina. 2021. From Reflection to Action: Combining Machine Learning with Expert Knowledge for Nutrition Goal Recommendations. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 206, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445555
  63. Eva Ganglbauer, Geraldine Fitzpatrick, and Florian Güldenpfennig. 2015. Why and what did we throw out? Probing on reflection through the food waste diary. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, NEw York, 1105–1114.
  64. Maliheh Ghajargar. 2018. Designing Tools for Reflection. Ph.D. Dissertation. Politecnico di Torino. https://doi.org/10.6092/polito/porto/2702550
  65. Glow. 2021. Nurture: Pregnancy + Baby App. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/nurture-pregnancy-baby-app/id882398397#?platform=iphone
  66. Glow. 2021. Period Tracker – Eve. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/period-tracker-eve/id1002275138#?platform=iphone
  67. Mitchell Gordon, Tim Althoff, and Jure Leskovec. 2019. Goal-Setting And Achievement In Activity Tracking Apps: A Case Study Of MyFitnessPal. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313432
  68. Rúben Gouveia, Evangelos Karapanos, and Marc Hassenzahl. 2015. How do we engage with activity trackers? A longitudinal study of Habito. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 1305–1316.
  69. Lisa Graham, Anthony Tang, and Carman Neustaedter. 2016. Help Me Help You: Shared Reflection for Personal Data. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1145/2957276.2957293
  70. Lars Grammel, Melanie Tory, and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2010. How information visualization novices construct visualizations. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 16, 6(2010), 943–952.
  71. Andrea Grimes and Richard Harper. 2008. Celebratory Technology: New Directions for Food Research in HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy) (CHI ’08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357130
  72. Shad Gross, Jeffrey Bardzell, Shaowen Bardzell, and Michael Stallings. 2017. Persuasive anxiety: designing and deploying material and formal explorations of personal tracking devices. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 297–334.
  73. Rebecca Gulotta, Jodi Forlizzi, Rayoung Yang, and Mark Wah Newman. 2016. Fostering engagement with personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 286–300.
  74. Jürgen Habermas. 1987. Knowledge and human interests. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
  75. Lars Hallnäs and Johan Redström. 2001. Slow technology–designing for reflection. Personal and ubiquitous computing 5, 3 (2001), 201–212.
  76. Steve Harrison, Phoebe Sengers, and Deborah Tatar. 2011. Making epistemological trouble: Third-paradigm HCI as successor science. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (2011), 385–392.
  77. Giyoo Hatano and Kayoko Inagaki. 1984. Two courses of expertise. RESEARCH AND CLINICAL CENTER FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT Annual Report 6 (1984), 27–36.
  78. Neville Hatton and David Smith. 1995. Reflection in teacher education: Towards definition and implementation. Teaching and teacher education 11, 1 (1995), 33–49.
  79. Dize Hilviu and Amon Rapp. 2015. Narrating the quantified self. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. ACM, New York, 1051–1056.
  80. Huckleberry Labs Inc.2021. Huckleberry: Baby & Child. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/huckleberry-baby-child/id1169136078
  81. Ravi Karkar, Jessica Schroeder, Daniel A. Epstein, Laura R. Pina, Jeffrey Scofield, James Fogarty, Julie A. Kientz, Sean A. Munson, Roger Vilardaga, and Jasmine Zia. 2017. TummyTrials: A Feasibility Study of Using Self-Experimentation to Detect Individualized Food Triggers. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 6850–6863. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025480
  82. Maria Karyda, Elisa D Mekler, and Andrés Lucero. 2021. Data Agents: Promoting Reflection through Meaningful Representations of Personal Data in Everyday Life. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 367, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445112
  83. Stephen Kemmis. 1985. Action research and the politics of reflection. In Reflection: Turning experience into learning, David Boud, Rosemary Keogh, and David Walker (Eds.). RoutledgeFarmer, London, 139–163.
  84. Elisabeth T Kersten-van Dijk, Joyce HDM Westerink, Femke Beute, and Wijnand A IJsselsteijn. 2017. Personal informatics, self-insight, and behavior change: A critical review of current literature. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 268–296.
  85. Rohit Ashok Khot, Larissa Hjorth, and Florian ’Floyd’ Mueller. 2014. Understanding Physical Activity through 3D Printed Material Artifacts. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3835–3844. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557144
  86. Vera Khovanskaya, Eric PS Baumer, Dan Cosley, Stephen Voida, and Geri Gay. 2013. Everybody knows what you’re doing: a critical design approach to personal informatics. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 3403–3412.
  87. Nam Wook Kim, Hyejin Im, Nathalie Henry Riche, Alicia Wang, Krzysztof Gajos, and Hanspeter Pfister. 2019. DataSelfie: Empowering People to Design Personalized Visuals to Represent Their Data. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 79.
  88. Young-Ho Kim, Jae Ho Jeon, Bongshin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choe, and Jinwook Seo. 2017. OmniTrack: A Flexible Self-Tracking Approach Leveraging Semi-Automated Tracking. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 1, 3 (2017), 67.
  89. Kindara, Inc.2021. Kindara: Fertility Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/kindara-fertility-tracker/id522674372#?platform=iphone
  90. Rafal Kocielnik, Daniel Avrahami, Jennifer Marlow, Di Lu, and Gary Hsieh. 2018. Designing for workplace reflection: a chat and voice-based conversational agent. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 881–894.
  91. Rafal Kocielnik, Gary Hsieh, and Daniel Avrahami. 2018. Helping Users Reflect on Their Own Health-Related Behaviors. In Studies in Conversational UX Design, Robert J. Moore, Margaret H. Szymanski, Raphael Arar, and Guang-Jie Ren (Eds.). Springer International, Cham, Switzerland, 85–115.
  92. Rafal Kocielnik, Lillian Xiao, Daniel Avrahami, and Gary Hsieh. 2018. Reflection Companion: A Conversational System for Engaging Users in Reflection on Physical Activity. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 2 (2018), 70.
  93. Lenneke Kuijer and Elisa Giaccardi. 2018. Co-Performance: Conceptualizing the Role of Artificial Agency in the Design of Everyday Life. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173699
  94. Amanda Lazar, Christian Koehler, Joshua Tanenbaum, and David H Nguyen. 2015. Why we use and abandon smart devices. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 635–646.
  95. Min Kyung Lee, Junsung Kim, Jodi Forlizzi, and Sara Kiesler. 2015. Personalization revisited: a reflective approach helps people better personalize health services and motivates them to increase physical activity. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 743–754.
  96. Ian Li, Anind Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2010. A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 557–566.
  97. Ian Li, Anind K Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2012. Using context to reveal factors that affect physical activity. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 19, 1(2012), 7.
  98. Zilu Liang, Bernd Ploderer, Wanyu Liu, Yukiko Nagata, James Bailey, Lars Kulik, and Yuxuan Li. 2016. SleepExplorer: a visualization tool to make sense of correlations between personal sleep data and contextual factors. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 20, 6 (2016), 985–1000.
  99. Lifesum AB. 2021. Lifesum: Healthy Eating. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lifesum-diet-macro-tracker/id286906691
  100. Catherine Y Lim, Andrew BL Berry, Andrea L Hartzler, Tad Hirsch, David S Carrell, Zoë A Bermet, and James D Ralston. 2019. Facilitating Self-reflection about Values and Self-care among Individuals with Chronic Conditions. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 655.
  101. Xiaodong Lin, Cindy Hmelo, Charles K Kinzer, and Teresa J Secules. 1999. Designing technology to support reflection. Educational Technology Research and Development 47, 3(1999), 43–62.
  102. Silvia Lindtner, Shaowen Bardzell, and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2018. Design and Intervention in the Age of No Alternative. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW(2018), 109.
  103. Szu-Yu Cyn Liu, Jen Liu, Kristin Dew, Patrycja Zdziarska, Maya Livio, and Shaowen Bardzell. 2019. Exploring Noticing as Method in Design Research. In Companion Publication of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 377–380.
  104. Edwin A Locke and Gary P Latham. 2002. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.American psychologist 57, 9 (2002), 705.
  105. Edwin A Locke and Gary P Latham. 2006. New directions in goal-setting theory. Current directions in psychological science 15, 5 (2006), 265–268.
  106. Yuhan Luo, Bongshin Lee, and Eun Kyoung Choe. 2020. TandemTrack: Shaping Consistent Exercise Experience by Complementing a Mobile App with a Smart Speaker. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376616
  107. Yuhan Luo, Peiyi Liu, and Eun Kyoung Choe. 2019. Co-Designing Food Trackers with Dietitians: Identifying Design Opportunities for Food Tracker Customization. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, 592.
  108. Deborah Lupton. 2014. Apps as artefacts: Towards a critical perspective on mobile health and medical apps. Societies 4, 4 (2014), 606–622.
  109. Deborah Lupton. 2014. Self-tracking modes: Reflexive self-monitoring and data practices. SSRN., 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2483549
  110. Deborah Lupton. 2019. The thing-power of the human-app health assemblage: thinking with vital materialism. Social Theory & Health 17, 2 (2019), 125–139.
  111. Gabriela Marcu, Anind K. Dey, and Sara Kiesler. 2014. Designing for Collaborative Reflection. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (Oldenburg, Germany) (PervasiveHealth ’14). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), Brussels, BEL, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.254987
  112. Nora McDonald, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Andrea Forte. 2019. Reliability and Inter-Rater Reliability in Qualitative Research: Norms and Guidelines for CSCW and HCI Practice. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 72 (nov 2019), 23 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359174
  113. Jack Mezirow. 1981. A critical theory of adult learning and education. Adult education 32, 1 (1981), 3–24.
  114. Jack Mezirow. 1991. Transformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  115. Matthew B Miles, A Michael Huberman, Michael A Huberman, and Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  116. Mint.com. 2021. Mint: Budget & Expense Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mint-personal-finance-money/id300238550
  117. Ine Mols, Elise van den Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2016. Informing Design for Reflection: An Overview of Current Everyday Practices. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Gothenburg, Sweden) (NordiCHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 21, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971485.2971494
  118. Ine Mols, Elise Van Den Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2016. Technologies for everyday life reflection: Illustrating a design space. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. ACM, New York, 53–61.
  119. Sean A Munson. 2018. Rethinking assumptions in the design of health and wellness tracking tools.interactions 25, 1 (2018), 62–65.
  120. Sean A Munson and Sunny Consolvo. 2012. Exploring goal-setting, rewards, self-monitoring, and sharing to motivate physical activity. In 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops. ICST, Gent, Belgium, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2012.248691
  121. Elizabeth L. Murnane, Xin Jiang, Anna Kong, Michelle Park, Weili Shi, Connor Soohoo, Luke Vink, Iris Xia, Xin Yu, John Yang-Sammataro, Grace Young, Jenny Zhi, Paula Moya, and James A. Landay. 2020. Designing Ambient Narrative-Based Interfaces to Reflect and Motivate Physical Activity. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). ACM, New York, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376478
  122. Elizabeth L Murnane, Tara G Walker, Beck Tench, Stephen Voida, and Jaime Snyder. 2018. Personal informatics in interpersonal contexts: towards the design of technology that supports the social ecologies of long-term mental health management. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW(2018), 127.
  123. MyFitnessPal, Inc.2021. MyFitnessPal. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/myfitnesspal/id341232718
  124. MyNetDiary, Inc.2021. Calorie Counter – MyNetDiary. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/calorie-counter-mynetdiary/id287529757
  125. Jasmin Niess and Paweł W. Woundefinedniak. 2018. Supporting Meaningful Personal Fitness: The Tracker Goal Evolution Model. ACM, New York, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173745
  126. Nighp Software LLC. 2021. Baby Tracker – Newborn Log. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/baby-tracker-newborn-log/id779656557#?platform=iphone
  127. Helen Noble and Joanna Smith. 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence-based nursing 18, 2 (2015), 34–35.
  128. Noom, Inc.2021. Noom. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/noom/id634598719
  129. Don Norman. 2014. Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Diversion Books, New York.
  130. Dietmar Offenhuber. 2019. Data by proxy—Material traces as autographic visualizations. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 26, 1(2019), 98–108.
  131. Ovulation Calculator Pty Ltd. 2017. Ovulation Calculator Fertile Tracker & Calendar OC. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovulation-calculator-fertile-tracker-calendar-oc/id1010506484
  132. Ovuline, Inc.2021. Ovia Fertility & Cycle Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovia-fertility-cycle-tracker/id570244389
  133. Ovuline, Inc.2021. Ovia Parenting & Baby Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovia-parenting-baby-tracker/id1106614359
  134. Pacer, Inc.2021. Pacer Pedometer & Step Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pacer-pedometer-step-tracker/id600446812
  135. Andrea Grimes Parker. 2014. Reflection-through-Performance: Personal Implications of Documenting Health Behaviors for the Collective. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 18, 7 (Oct. 2014), 1737–1752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0780-5
  136. Phoenix Games LLP. 2018. Drink Water Reminder N Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/drink-water-reminder-n-tracker/id870372885#?platform=iphone
  137. Bernd Ploderer, Wolfgang Reitberger, Harri Oinas-Kukkonen, and Julia van Gemert-Pijnen. 2014. Social interaction and reflection for behaviour change.
  138. Michael Prilla, Martin Degeling, and Thomas Herrmann. 2012. Collaborative Reflection at Work: Supporting Informal Learning at a Healthcare Workplace. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1145/2389176.2389185
  139. Nora Ptakauskaite, Anna L. Cox, and Nadia Berthouze. 2018. Knowing What You’re Doing or Knowing What to Do: How Stress Management Apps Support Reflection and Behaviour Change. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188648
  140. Amon Rapp. 2018. Gamification for Self-Tracking: From World of Warcraft to the Design of Personal Informatics Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173654
  141. Amon Rapp and Maurizio Tirassa. 2017. Know thyself: a theory of the self for personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 335–380.
  142. Amon Rapp, Maurizio Tirassa, and Lia Tirabeni. 2019. Rethinking Technologies for Behavior Change: A View from the Inside of Human Change. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 26, 4(2019), 22.
  143. Recovery Record. 2021. RR: Eating Disorder Management. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rr-eating-disorder-management/id457360959
  144. Saeyoung Rho, Injung Lee, Hankyung Kim, Jonghyuk Jung, Hyungi Kim, Bong Gwan Jun, and Youn-kyung Lim. 2017. FutureSelf: What Happens When We Forecast Self-Trackers? Future Health Statuses?. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) (DIS ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064676
  145. Verónica Rivera-Pelayo, Angela Fessl, Lars Müller, and Viktoria Pammer. 2017. Introducing Mood Self-Tracking at Work: Empirical Insights from Call Centers. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 24, 1, Article 3 (Feb. 2017), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3014058
  146. John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, and Matthew Chalmers. 2014. Personal tracking as lived informatics. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, New York, 1163–1172.
  147. Maria Roussou, Sara Perry, Akrivi Katifori, Stavros Vassos, Angeliki Tzouganatou, and Sierra McKinney. 2019. Transformation through Provocation?. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300857
  148. Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Vivien Morris, and Andrea G. Parker. 2018. Family Health Promotion in Low-SES Neighborhoods: A Two-Month Study of Wearable Activity Tracking. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173883
  149. Sanvello Health Inc.2021. Sanvello: Anxiety & Depression. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sanvello-anxiety-depression/id922968861#?platform=iphone
  150. Donald A Schön. 1987. Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. 1987. Jossey Bass, San Francisco.
  151. Donald A Schön. 2017. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Routledge, New York.
  152. Phoebe Sengers, Kirsten Boehner, Shay David, and Joseph ’Jofish’ Kaye. 2005. Reflective design. In Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Conference on Critical Computing. ACM, New York, 49–58.
  153. Skimble. 2021. Workout Trainer: fitness coach. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/workout-trainer-fitness-coach/id395686735
  154. Sleep Cycle AB. 2021. Sleep Cycle – Sleep Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sleep-cycle-sleep-tracker/id320606217
  155. Petr Slovak, Christopher Frauenberger, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2017. Reflective practicum: A framework of sensitising concepts to design for transformative reflection. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 2696–2707.
  156. SnoreLab Ltd. 2021. SnoreLab : Record Your Snoring. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/snorelab-record-your-snoring/id529443604
  157. Katta Spiel, Fares Kayali, Louise Horvath, Michael Penkler, Sabine Harrer, Miguel Sicart, and Jessica Hammer. 2018. Fitter, Happier, More Productive? The Normative Ontology of Fitness Trackers. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA ’18). ACM, New York, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188401
  158. StepsApp GMBH. 2021. StepsApp Pedometer. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/stepsapp-pedometer/id1037595083
  159. Strava, Inc.2021. Strava: Run, Ride, Swim. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/strava-run-ride-swim/id426826309
  160. S Shyam Sundar. 2008. Self as source: Agency and customization in interactive media. In Mediated Interpersonal Communication, Elly A Konijn, Sonja Utz, Martin Tanis, and Susan B Barnes (Eds.). Routledge, New York, 58–74. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203926864
  161. Melanie Swan. 2013. The quantified self: Fundamental disruption in big data science and biological discovery. Big data 1, 2 (2013), 85–99.
  162. Tamtris Web Services Inc.2021. Fertility Friend FF App. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fertility-friend-ff-app/id443919067
  163. Charlene Tan. 2020. Revisiting Donald Schön’s notion of reflective practice: a Daoist interpretation. Reflective Practice 21, 5 (2020), 686–698.
  164. The Lampo Group Incorporated. 2021. EveryDollar: Budget Your Money. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/everydollar-budget-your-money/id942571931#?platform=iphone
  165. Jakob Tholander and Stina Nylander. 2015. Snot, Sweat, Pain, Mud, and Snow: Performance and Experience in the Use of Sports Watches. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2913–2922. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702482
  166. Neil Thompson and Jan Pascal. 2012. Developing critically reflective practice. Reflective practice 13, 2 (2012), 311–325.
  167. Alice Thudt, Uta Hinrichs, Samuel Huron, and Sheelagh Carpendale. 2018. Self-reflection and personal physicalization construction. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, 154.
  168. Martin Tisné. 2019. Data isn’t the new oil, it’s the new CO2. https://luminategroup.com/posts/blog/data-isnt-the-new-oil-its-the-new-co2
  169. Truebill, Inc.2021. Truebill Budget & Bill Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/truebill-budget-bill-tracker/id1130616675
  170. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing. 2015. The mushroom at the end of the world: On the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  171. Under Armour, Inc.2021. Map My Fitness by Under Armour. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/map-my-fitness-by-under-armour/id298903147
  172. Under Armour, Inc.2021. Map My Run by Under Armour. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/map-my-run-by-under-armour/id291890420
  173. Elisabeth Kersten van Dijk, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, and Joyce Westerink. 2016. Deceptive Visualizations and User Bias: A Case for Personalization and Ambiguity in PI Visualizations. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (Heidelberg, Germany) (UbiComp ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 588–593. https://doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2968326
  174. Viktor Sharov. 2021. My Water: Daily Drink Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/my-water-daily-drink-tracker/id964748094#?platform=iphone
  175. Sue White, Jan Fook, and Fiona Gardner. 2006. Critical reflection in health and social care. Open University Press, Maidenhead, UK.
  176. Winkpass Creations, Inc.2021. iPeriod Lite Period Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/iperiod-lite-period-tracker/id340757216
  177. Gary Wolf. 2009. Know Thyself: Tracking Every Facet of Life, from Sleep to Mood to Pain, 24/7/365. WIRED 17.07 (June 2009), 92–95. http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/17-07/lbnp_knowthyself?currentPage=all
  178. Wombat Apps LLC. 2021. Carb Manager—Keto Diet Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/carb-manager-keto-diet-app/id410089731#?platform=iphone
  179. Paweł W. Woundefinedniak, Przemysław Piotr Kucharski, Maartje M.A. de Graaf, and Jasmin Niess. 2020. Exploring Understandable Algorithms to Suggest Fitness Tracker Goals That Foster Commitment. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (Tallinn, Estonia) (NordiCHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 35, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420131
  180. Paweł W. Woundefinedniak, Przemysław Piotr Kucharski, Maartje M.A. de Graaf, and Jasmin Niess. 2020. Exploring Understandable Algorithms to Suggest Fitness Tracker Goals That Foster Commitment. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (Tallinn, Estonia) (NordiCHI ’20). ACM, New York, Article 35, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420131
  181. Renwen Zhang, Kathryn E. Ringland, Melina Paan, David C. Mohr, and Madhu Reddy. 2021. Designing for Emotional Well-Being: Integrating Persuasion and Customization into Mental Health Technologies. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 542, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445771

Author(s):

  • Janghee Cho
  • Tian Xu
  • Abigail Zimmermann-Niefield
  • Stephen Voida

Abstract:

Personal informatics (PI) systems have been developed to support reflection. While reflection is considered an indispensable activity in PI use, how and when reflection occurs is still under-studied. In this paper, we present an analysis of the interactive features of 123 commercial PI apps, revealing that reflective practices are unevenly supported. The lack of features that encourage user-driven reflection, scaffolding for setting goals and configuring data collection and presentation, and consideration of wider implications stand to limit meaning-making and frustrate nuanced insight generation based on lived experiences. Based on our findings, we discuss how reflection is currently misrepresented in personal informatics tools, identify and characterize the gaps between theoretical research on reflection and interface features in current apps, and offer suggestions about how reflection could be better supported.

Documentation:

https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501991

References:

  1. Parastoo Abtahi, Victoria Ding, Anna C. Yang, Tommy Bruzzese, Alyssa B. Romanos, Elizabeth L. Murnane, Sean Follmer, and James A. Landay. 2020. Understanding Physical Practices and the Role of Technology in Manual Self-Tracking. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 4, 4, Article 115 (Dec. 2020), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432236Google ScholarDigital Library
  2. Amer Sports Digital Services Oy. 2021. Sports Tracker for All Sports. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sports-tracker-for-all-sports/id426684873Google Scholar
  3. Apalon Apps. 2021. Productive – Habit Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/productive-habit-tracker/id983826477Google Scholar
  4. Appostafat GMBH. 2021. Fitonomy – Personal Trainer. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fitonomy-weight-loss-at-home/id1107242759Google Scholar
  5. Amid Ayobi, Paul Marshall, and Anna L. Cox. 2020. Trackly: A Customisable and Pictorial Self-Tracking App to Support Agency in Multiple Sclerosis Self-Care. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376809Google ScholarDigital Library
  6. Amid Ayobi, Tobias Sonne, Paul Marshall, and Anna L Cox. 2018. Flexible and mindful self-tracking: design implications from paper bullet journals. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1–14.Google ScholarDigital Library
  7. Azumio Inc.2021. Argus: Calorie Counter & Step. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/argus-calorie-counter-step/id624329444Google Scholar
  8. Azumio Inc.2021. Glucose Buddy Diabetes Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/glucose-buddy-diabetes-tracker/id294754639Google Scholar
  9. Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell. 2013. What is ”Critical” about Critical Design?Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3297–3306. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466451Google Scholar
  10. Basenji Apps. 2021. Breeze: mood tracker, diary. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/breeze-mood-tracker-diary/id1450365119Google Scholar
  11. Jared S. Bauer, Sunny Consolvo, Benjamin Greenstein, Jonathan Schooler, Eric Wu, Nathaniel F. Watson, and Julie Kientz. 2012. ShutEye: Encouraging Awareness of Healthy Sleep Recommendations with a Mobile, Peripheral Display. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1401–1410. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208600Google Scholar
  12. Eric PS Baumer. 2015. Reflective informatics: conceptual dimensions for designing technologies of reflection. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 585–594.Google ScholarDigital Library
  13. Eric P.S. Baumer, Sherri Jean Katz, Jill E. Freeman, Phil Adams, Amy L. Gonzales, John Pollak, Daniela Retelny, Jeff Niederdeppe, Christine M. Olson, and Geri K. Gay. 2012. Prescriptive Persuasion and Open-Ended Social Awareness: Expanding the Design Space of Mobile Health. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Seattle, Washington, USA) (CSCW ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 475–484. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145279Google ScholarDigital Library
  14. Eric PS Baumer, Vera Khovanskaya, Mark Matthews, Lindsay Reynolds, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Geri Gay. 2014. Reviewing reflection: on the use of reflection in interactive system design. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems. ACM, New York, 93–102.Google ScholarDigital Library
  15. Victoria Bellotti and Keith Edwards. 2001. Intelligibility and accountability: human considerations in context-aware systems. Human–Computer Interaction 16, 2-4 (2001), 193–212.Google Scholar
  16. Frank Bentley, Konrad Tollmar, Peter Stephenson, Laura Levy, Brian Jones, Scott Robertson, Ed Price, Richard Catrambone, and Jeff Wilson. 2013. Health Mashups: Presenting statistical patterns between wellbeing data and context in natural language to promote behavior change. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 20, 5(2013), 30.Google ScholarDigital Library
  17. Marit Bentvelzen, Jasmin Niess, Mikołaj P. Woundefinedniak, and Paweł W. Woundefinedniak. 2021. The Development and Validation of the Technology-Supported Reflection Inventory. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 366, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445673Google ScholarDigital Library
  18. David Boud, Rosemary Keogh, and David Walker. 2013. Reflection: Turning experience into learning. RoutledgeFalmer, London.Google ScholarCross Ref
  19. Dionne Bowie-DaBreo, Sandra I Sünram-Lea, Corina Sas, and Heather Iles-Smith. 2020. Evaluation of treatment descriptions and alignment with clinical guidance of apps for depression on app stores: Systematic search and content analysis. JMIR Formative Resesearch 4, 11 (13 Nov 2020), e14988. https://doi.org/10.2196/14988Google Scholar
  20. Hronn Brynjarsdottir, Maria Håkansson, James Pierce, Eric Baumer, Carl DiSalvo, and Phoebe Sengers. 2012. Sustainably unpersuaded: how persuasion narrows our vision of sustainability. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 947–956.Google ScholarDigital Library
  21. Charity Miles. 2021. Charity Miles. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/charity-miles/id505253234Google Scholar
  22. Bagele Chilisa. 2019. Indigenous research methodologies. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
  23. Janghee Cho, Laura Devendorf, and Stephen Voida. 2021. From The Art of Reflection to The Art of Noticing: A Shifting View of Self-Tracking Technologies’ Role in Supporting Sustainable Food Practices. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 298, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451838Google Scholar
  24. Eun Kyoung Choe. 2014. Designing self-monitoring technology to promote data capture and reflection. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.Google Scholar
  25. Eun Kyoung Choe, Saeed Abdullah, Mashfiqui Rabbi, Edison Thomaz, Daniel A Epstein, Felicia Cordeiro, Matthew Kay, Gregory D Abowd, Tanzeem Choudhury, James Fogarty, 2017. Semi-automated tracking: a balanced approach for self-monitoring applications. IEEE Pervasive Computing 16, 1 (2017), 74–84.Google ScholarDigital Library
  26. Eun Kyoung Choe, Bongshin Lee, and m.c. schraefel. 2015. Characterizing visualization insights from quantified selfers’ personal data presentations. IEEE computer graphics and applications 35, 4 (2015), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2015.51Google Scholar
  27. Eun Kyoung Choe, Bongshin Lee, Haining Zhu, Nathalie Henry Riche, and Dominikus Baur. 2017. Understanding self-reflection: how people reflect on personal data through visual data exploration. In Proceedings of the 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. ACM, New York, 173–182.Google ScholarDigital Library
  28. Eun Kyoung Choe, Nicole B Lee, Bongshin Lee, Wanda Pratt, and Julie A Kientz. 2014. Understanding quantified-selfers’ practices in collecting and exploring personal data. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1143–1152.Google ScholarDigital Library
  29. Chia-Fang Chung, Qiaosi Wang, Jessica Schroeder, Allison Cole, Jasmine Zia, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2019. Identifying and Planning for Individualized Change: Patient-Provider Collaboration Using Lightweight Food Diaries in Healthy Eating and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 1, Article 7 (March 2019), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314394Google ScholarDigital Library
  30. Marc Clarà. 2015. What is reflection? Looking for clarity in an ambiguous notion. Journal of teacher education 66, 3 (2015), 261–271.Google ScholarCross Ref
  31. Adrian K. Clear, Kirstie O’neill, Adrian Friday, and Mike Hazas. 2016. Bearing an Open “Pandora’s Box”: HCI for Reconciling Everyday Food and Sustainability. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 23, 5, Article 28 (Oct. 2016), 25 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2970817Google ScholarDigital Library
  32. Rob Comber, Jettie Hoonhout, Aart van Halteren, Paula Moynihan, and Patrick Olivier. 2013. Food Practices as Situated Action: Exploring and Designing for Everyday Food Practices with Households. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2457–2466. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481340Google Scholar
  33. Sunny Consolvo, Predrag Klasnja, David W McDonald, and James A Landay. 2009. Goal-setting considerations for persuasive technologies that encourage physical activity. In Proceedings of the 4th international Conference on Persuasive Technology. ACM, New York, 8.Google ScholarDigital Library
  34. Felicia Cordeiro, Elizabeth Bales, Erin Cherry, and James Fogarty. 2015. Rethinking the Mobile Food Journal: Exploring Opportunities for Lightweight Photo-Based Capture. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). ACM, New York, 3207–3216. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702154Google ScholarDigital Library
  35. Dan Cosley, Elizabeth Churchill, Jodi Forlizzi, and Sean A Munson. 2017. Introduction to this special issue on the lived experience of personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 197–207.Google Scholar
  36. Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Clara Caldeira, Tera L. Reynolds, Sean Victory, Kai Zheng, and Yunan Chen. 2017. Self-Tracking for Fertility Care: Collaborative Support for a Highly Personalized Problem. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 1, CSCW, Article 36 (Dec. 2017), 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134671Google ScholarDigital Library
  37. Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Thu Huynh, Anna Takei, Daniel A Epstein, and Yunan Chen. 2021. Goals, life events, and transitions: examining fertility apps for holistic health tracking. JAMIA open 4, 1 (2021), ooab013.Google Scholar
  38. Nediyana Daskalova, Eindra Kyi, Kevin Ouyang, Arthur Borem, Sally Chen, Sung Hyun Park, Nicole Nugent, and Jeff Huang. 2021. Self-E: Smartphone-Supported Guidance for Customizable Self-Experimentation. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 227, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445100Google ScholarDigital Library
  39. Nediyana Daskalova, Bongshin Lee, Jeff Huang, Chester Ni, and Jessica Lundin. 2018. Investigating the effectiveness of cohort-based sleep recommendations. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 101.Google ScholarDigital Library
  40. Nediyana Daskalova, Jina Yoon, Yibing Wang, Cintia Araujo, Guillermo Beltran, Nicole Nugent, John McGeary, Joseph Jay Williams, and Jeff Huang. 2020. SleepBandits: Guided Flexible Self-Experiments for Sleep. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376584Google Scholar
  41. Anjali Devakumar, Jay Modh, Bahador Saket, Eric P. S. Baumer, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2021. A Review on Strategies for Data Collection, Reflection, and Communication in Eating Disorder Apps. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 547, 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445670Google ScholarDigital Library
  42. John Dewey. 1910. How we think. D. C. Health, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1037/10903-000Google Scholar
  43. Elizabeth Victoria Eikey, Clara Marques Caldeira, Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Yunan Chen, Jessica L Borelli, Melissa Mazmanian, and Kai Zheng. 2021. Beyond self-reflection: Introducing the concept of rumination in personal informatics. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 25 (June 2021), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-021-01573-wGoogle Scholar
  44. Elizabeth V Eikey and Madhu C Reddy. 2017. ” It’s Definitely Been a Journey” A Qualitative Study on How Women with Eating Disorders Use Weight Loss Apps. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 642–654.Google ScholarDigital Library
  45. Chris Elsden, Abigail C Durrant, David Chatting, and David S Kirk. 2017. Designing documentary informatics. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 649–661.Google ScholarDigital Library
  46. Chris Elsden, Abigail C. Durrant, and David S. Kirk. 2016. It’s Just My History Isn’t It? Understanding Smart Journaling Practices. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2819–2831. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858103Google ScholarDigital Library
  47. Chris Elsden, David S Kirk, and Abigail C Durrant. 2016. A quantified past: Toward design for remembering with personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 31, 6 (2016), 518–557.Google Scholar
  48. Chris Elsden, Mark Selby, Abigail Durrant, and David Kirk. 2016. Fitter, happier, more productive: what to ask of a data-driven life. interactions 23, 5 (2016), 45–45.Google Scholar
  49. Daniel A. Epstein, Clara Caldeira, Mayara Costa Figueiredo, Xi Lu, Lucas M. Silva, Lucretia Williams, Jong Ho Lee, Qingyang Li, Simran Ahuja, Qiuer Chen, Payam Dowlatyari, Craig Hilby, Sazeda Sultana, Elizabeth V. Eikey, and Yunan Chen. 2020. Mapping and Taking Stock of the Personal Informatics Literature. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 4, 4, Article 126 (Dec. 2020), 38 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432231Google ScholarDigital Library
  50. Daniel A Epstein, Monica Caraway, Chuck Johnston, An Ping, James Fogarty, and Sean A Munson. 2016. Beyond abandonment to next steps: understanding and designing for life after personal informatics tool use. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 1109–1113.Google ScholarDigital Library
  51. Daniel A. Epstein, Jennifer H. Kang, Laura R. Pina, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2016. Reconsidering the Device in the Drawer: Lapses as a Design Opportunity in Personal Informatics. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (Heidelberg, Germany) (UbiComp ’16). ACM, New York, 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971656Google ScholarDigital Library
  52. Daniel A. Epstein, Nicole B. Lee, Jennifer H. Kang, Elena Agapie, Jessica Schroeder, Laura R. Pina, James Fogarty, Julie A. Kientz, and Sean Munson. 2017. Examining Menstrual Tracking to Inform the Design of Personal Informatics Tools. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). ACM, New York, 6876–6888. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025635Google ScholarDigital Library
  53. Daniel A Epstein, An Ping, James Fogarty, and Sean A Munson. 2015. A lived informatics model of personal informatics. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 731–742.Google ScholarDigital Library
  54. FatSecret. 2021. Calorie Counter by FatSecret. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/calorie-counter-by-fatsecret/id347184248Google Scholar
  55. Clayton Feustel, Shyamak Aggarwal, Bongshin Lee, and Lauren Wilcox. 2018. People Like Me: Designing for Reflection on Aggregate Cohort Data in Personal Informatics Systems. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 107.Google ScholarDigital Library
  56. FITNESS22 LTD. 2021. Couch to 5K Runner. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/couch-to-5k-runner/id448357306Google Scholar
  57. FitNow. 2021. Lose It! –- Calorie Counter. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lose-it-calorie-counter/id297368629Google Scholar
  58. Mary FitzGerald. 1994. Theories of reflection for learning. In Reflective Practice in Nursing: The Growth of the Professional Practitioner, Anthony Palmer, Sarah Burns, and Chris Bulman (Eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 63–84.Google Scholar
  59. Rowanne Fleck and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2010. Reflecting on reflection: framing a design landscape. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction. ACM, New York, 216–223.Google ScholarDigital Library
  60. FLO HEALTH, INC.2021. Flo Period & Ovulation Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/flo-period-ovulation-tracker/id1038369065Google Scholar
  61. Forward Human, Inc.2021. Jour: Daily Self-Care Journal. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/jour-daily-self-care-journal/id1439590239Google Scholar
  62. Elliot G. Mitchell, Elizabeth M. Heitkemper, Marissa Burgermaster, Matthew E. Levine, Yishen Miao, Maria L. Hwang, Pooja M. Desai, Andrea Cassells, Jonathan N. Tobin, Esteban G. Tabak, David J. Albers, Arlene M. Smaldone, and Lena Mamykina. 2021. From Reflection to Action: Combining Machine Learning with Expert Knowledge for Nutrition Goal Recommendations. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 206, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445555Google ScholarDigital Library
  63. Eva Ganglbauer, Geraldine Fitzpatrick, and Florian Güldenpfennig. 2015. Why and what did we throw out? Probing on reflection through the food waste diary. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, NEw York, 1105–1114.Google Scholar
  64. Maliheh Ghajargar. 2018. Designing Tools for Reflection. Ph.D. Dissertation. Politecnico di Torino. https://doi.org/10.6092/polito/porto/2702550Google Scholar
  65. Glow. 2021. Nurture: Pregnancy + Baby App. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/nurture-pregnancy-baby-app/id882398397#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  66. Glow. 2021. Period Tracker – Eve. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/period-tracker-eve/id1002275138#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  67. Mitchell Gordon, Tim Althoff, and Jure Leskovec. 2019. Goal-Setting And Achievement In Activity Tracking Apps: A Case Study Of MyFitnessPal. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313432Google Scholar
  68. Rúben Gouveia, Evangelos Karapanos, and Marc Hassenzahl. 2015. How do we engage with activity trackers? A longitudinal study of Habito. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 1305–1316.Google ScholarDigital Library
  69. Lisa Graham, Anthony Tang, and Carman Neustaedter. 2016. Help Me Help You: Shared Reflection for Personal Data. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1145/2957276.2957293Google ScholarDigital Library
  70. Lars Grammel, Melanie Tory, and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2010. How information visualization novices construct visualizations. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 16, 6(2010), 943–952.Google ScholarDigital Library
  71. Andrea Grimes and Richard Harper. 2008. Celebratory Technology: New Directions for Food Research in HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy) (CHI ’08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357130Google ScholarDigital Library
  72. Shad Gross, Jeffrey Bardzell, Shaowen Bardzell, and Michael Stallings. 2017. Persuasive anxiety: designing and deploying material and formal explorations of personal tracking devices. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 297–334.Google Scholar
  73. Rebecca Gulotta, Jodi Forlizzi, Rayoung Yang, and Mark Wah Newman. 2016. Fostering engagement with personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 286–300.Google ScholarDigital Library
  74. Jürgen Habermas. 1987. Knowledge and human interests. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
  75. Lars Hallnäs and Johan Redström. 2001. Slow technology–designing for reflection. Personal and ubiquitous computing 5, 3 (2001), 201–212.Google Scholar
  76. Steve Harrison, Phoebe Sengers, and Deborah Tatar. 2011. Making epistemological trouble: Third-paradigm HCI as successor science. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (2011), 385–392.Google ScholarDigital Library
  77. Giyoo Hatano and Kayoko Inagaki. 1984. Two courses of expertise. RESEARCH AND CLINICAL CENTER FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT Annual Report 6 (1984), 27–36.Google Scholar
  78. Neville Hatton and David Smith. 1995. Reflection in teacher education: Towards definition and implementation. Teaching and teacher education 11, 1 (1995), 33–49.Google Scholar
  79. Dize Hilviu and Amon Rapp. 2015. Narrating the quantified self. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. ACM, New York, 1051–1056.Google ScholarDigital Library
  80. Huckleberry Labs Inc.2021. Huckleberry: Baby & Child. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/huckleberry-baby-child/id1169136078Google Scholar
  81. Ravi Karkar, Jessica Schroeder, Daniel A. Epstein, Laura R. Pina, Jeffrey Scofield, James Fogarty, Julie A. Kientz, Sean A. Munson, Roger Vilardaga, and Jasmine Zia. 2017. TummyTrials: A Feasibility Study of Using Self-Experimentation to Detect Individualized Food Triggers. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 6850–6863. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025480Google Scholar
  82. Maria Karyda, Elisa D Mekler, and Andrés Lucero. 2021. Data Agents: Promoting Reflection through Meaningful Representations of Personal Data in Everyday Life. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 367, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445112Google ScholarDigital Library
  83. Stephen Kemmis. 1985. Action research and the politics of reflection. In Reflection: Turning experience into learning, David Boud, Rosemary Keogh, and David Walker (Eds.). RoutledgeFarmer, London, 139–163.Google Scholar
  84. Elisabeth T Kersten-van Dijk, Joyce HDM Westerink, Femke Beute, and Wijnand A IJsselsteijn. 2017. Personal informatics, self-insight, and behavior change: A critical review of current literature. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 268–296.Google Scholar
  85. Rohit Ashok Khot, Larissa Hjorth, and Florian ’Floyd’ Mueller. 2014. Understanding Physical Activity through 3D Printed Material Artifacts. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3835–3844. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557144Google ScholarDigital Library
  86. Vera Khovanskaya, Eric PS Baumer, Dan Cosley, Stephen Voida, and Geri Gay. 2013. Everybody knows what you’re doing: a critical design approach to personal informatics. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 3403–3412.Google ScholarDigital Library
  87. Nam Wook Kim, Hyejin Im, Nathalie Henry Riche, Alicia Wang, Krzysztof Gajos, and Hanspeter Pfister. 2019. DataSelfie: Empowering People to Design Personalized Visuals to Represent Their Data. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 79.Google ScholarDigital Library
  88. Young-Ho Kim, Jae Ho Jeon, Bongshin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choe, and Jinwook Seo. 2017. OmniTrack: A Flexible Self-Tracking Approach Leveraging Semi-Automated Tracking. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 1, 3 (2017), 67.Google ScholarDigital Library
  89. Kindara, Inc.2021. Kindara: Fertility Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/kindara-fertility-tracker/id522674372#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  90. Rafal Kocielnik, Daniel Avrahami, Jennifer Marlow, Di Lu, and Gary Hsieh. 2018. Designing for workplace reflection: a chat and voice-based conversational agent. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 881–894.Google ScholarDigital Library
  91. Rafal Kocielnik, Gary Hsieh, and Daniel Avrahami. 2018. Helping Users Reflect on Their Own Health-Related Behaviors. In Studies in Conversational UX Design, Robert J. Moore, Margaret H. Szymanski, Raphael Arar, and Guang-Jie Ren (Eds.). Springer International, Cham, Switzerland, 85–115.Google Scholar
  92. Rafal Kocielnik, Lillian Xiao, Daniel Avrahami, and Gary Hsieh. 2018. Reflection Companion: A Conversational System for Engaging Users in Reflection on Physical Activity. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 2 (2018), 70.Google ScholarDigital Library
  93. Lenneke Kuijer and Elisa Giaccardi. 2018. Co-Performance: Conceptualizing the Role of Artificial Agency in the Design of Everyday Life. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173699Google Scholar
  94. Amanda Lazar, Christian Koehler, Joshua Tanenbaum, and David H Nguyen. 2015. Why we use and abandon smart devices. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 635–646.Google ScholarDigital Library
  95. Min Kyung Lee, Junsung Kim, Jodi Forlizzi, and Sara Kiesler. 2015. Personalization revisited: a reflective approach helps people better personalize health services and motivates them to increase physical activity. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, New York, 743–754.Google ScholarDigital Library
  96. Ian Li, Anind Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2010. A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 557–566.Google ScholarDigital Library
  97. Ian Li, Anind K Dey, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2012. Using context to reveal factors that affect physical activity. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 19, 1(2012), 7.Google ScholarDigital Library
  98. Zilu Liang, Bernd Ploderer, Wanyu Liu, Yukiko Nagata, James Bailey, Lars Kulik, and Yuxuan Li. 2016. SleepExplorer: a visualization tool to make sense of correlations between personal sleep data and contextual factors. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 20, 6 (2016), 985–1000.Google ScholarDigital Library
  99. Lifesum AB. 2021. Lifesum: Healthy Eating. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/lifesum-diet-macro-tracker/id286906691Google Scholar
  100. Catherine Y Lim, Andrew BL Berry, Andrea L Hartzler, Tad Hirsch, David S Carrell, Zoë A Bermet, and James D Ralston. 2019. Facilitating Self-reflection about Values and Self-care among Individuals with Chronic Conditions. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 655.Google ScholarDigital Library
  101. Xiaodong Lin, Cindy Hmelo, Charles K Kinzer, and Teresa J Secules. 1999. Designing technology to support reflection. Educational Technology Research and Development 47, 3(1999), 43–62.Google ScholarCross Ref
  102. Silvia Lindtner, Shaowen Bardzell, and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2018. Design and Intervention in the Age of No Alternative. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW(2018), 109.Google ScholarDigital Library
  103. Szu-Yu Cyn Liu, Jen Liu, Kristin Dew, Patrycja Zdziarska, Maya Livio, and Shaowen Bardzell. 2019. Exploring Noticing as Method in Design Research. In Companion Publication of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, 377–380.Google Scholar
  104. Edwin A Locke and Gary P Latham. 2002. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.American psychologist 57, 9 (2002), 705.Google Scholar
  105. Edwin A Locke and Gary P Latham. 2006. New directions in goal-setting theory. Current directions in psychological science 15, 5 (2006), 265–268.Google Scholar
  106. Yuhan Luo, Bongshin Lee, and Eun Kyoung Choe. 2020. TandemTrack: Shaping Consistent Exercise Experience by Complementing a Mobile App with a Smart Speaker. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376616Google ScholarDigital Library
  107. Yuhan Luo, Peiyi Liu, and Eun Kyoung Choe. 2019. Co-Designing Food Trackers with Dietitians: Identifying Design Opportunities for Food Tracker Customization. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, 592.Google ScholarDigital Library
  108. Deborah Lupton. 2014. Apps as artefacts: Towards a critical perspective on mobile health and medical apps. Societies 4, 4 (2014), 606–622.Google ScholarCross Ref
  109. Deborah Lupton. 2014. Self-tracking modes: Reflexive self-monitoring and data practices. SSRN., 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2483549Google Scholar
  110. Deborah Lupton. 2019. The thing-power of the human-app health assemblage: thinking with vital materialism. Social Theory & Health 17, 2 (2019), 125–139.Google ScholarCross Ref
  111. Gabriela Marcu, Anind K. Dey, and Sara Kiesler. 2014. Designing for Collaborative Reflection. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (Oldenburg, Germany) (PervasiveHealth ’14). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), Brussels, BEL, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.254987Google ScholarDigital Library
  112. Nora McDonald, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Andrea Forte. 2019. Reliability and Inter-Rater Reliability in Qualitative Research: Norms and Guidelines for CSCW and HCI Practice. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 72 (nov 2019), 23 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359174Google ScholarDigital Library
  113. Jack Mezirow. 1981. A critical theory of adult learning and education. Adult education 32, 1 (1981), 3–24.Google Scholar
  114. Jack Mezirow. 1991. Transformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Google Scholar
  115. Matthew B Miles, A Michael Huberman, Michael A Huberman, and Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
  116. Mint.com. 2021. Mint: Budget & Expense Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mint-personal-finance-money/id300238550Google Scholar
  117. Ine Mols, Elise van den Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2016. Informing Design for Reflection: An Overview of Current Everyday Practices. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Gothenburg, Sweden) (NordiCHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 21, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971485.2971494Google ScholarDigital Library
  118. Ine Mols, Elise Van Den Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2016. Technologies for everyday life reflection: Illustrating a design space. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. ACM, New York, 53–61.Google ScholarDigital Library
  119. Sean A Munson. 2018. Rethinking assumptions in the design of health and wellness tracking tools.interactions 25, 1 (2018), 62–65.Google Scholar
  120. Sean A Munson and Sunny Consolvo. 2012. Exploring goal-setting, rewards, self-monitoring, and sharing to motivate physical activity. In 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops. ICST, Gent, Belgium, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2012.248691Google ScholarCross Ref
  121. Elizabeth L. Murnane, Xin Jiang, Anna Kong, Michelle Park, Weili Shi, Connor Soohoo, Luke Vink, Iris Xia, Xin Yu, John Yang-Sammataro, Grace Young, Jenny Zhi, Paula Moya, and James A. Landay. 2020. Designing Ambient Narrative-Based Interfaces to Reflect and Motivate Physical Activity. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). ACM, New York, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376478Google ScholarDigital Library
  122. Elizabeth L Murnane, Tara G Walker, Beck Tench, Stephen Voida, and Jaime Snyder. 2018. Personal informatics in interpersonal contexts: towards the design of technology that supports the social ecologies of long-term mental health management. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW(2018), 127.Google ScholarDigital Library
  123. MyFitnessPal, Inc.2021. MyFitnessPal. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/myfitnesspal/id341232718Google Scholar
  124. MyNetDiary, Inc.2021. Calorie Counter – MyNetDiary. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/calorie-counter-mynetdiary/id287529757Google Scholar
  125. Jasmin Niess and Paweł W. Woundefinedniak. 2018. Supporting Meaningful Personal Fitness: The Tracker Goal Evolution Model. ACM, New York, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173745Google Scholar
  126. Nighp Software LLC. 2021. Baby Tracker – Newborn Log. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/baby-tracker-newborn-log/id779656557#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  127. Helen Noble and Joanna Smith. 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence-based nursing 18, 2 (2015), 34–35.Google Scholar
  128. Noom, Inc.2021. Noom. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/noom/id634598719Google Scholar
  129. Don Norman. 2014. Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Diversion Books, New York.Google ScholarDigital Library
  130. Dietmar Offenhuber. 2019. Data by proxy—Material traces as autographic visualizations. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 26, 1(2019), 98–108.Google Scholar
  131. Ovulation Calculator Pty Ltd. 2017. Ovulation Calculator Fertile Tracker & Calendar OC. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovulation-calculator-fertile-tracker-calendar-oc/id1010506484Google Scholar
  132. Ovuline, Inc.2021. Ovia Fertility & Cycle Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovia-fertility-cycle-tracker/id570244389Google Scholar
  133. Ovuline, Inc.2021. Ovia Parenting & Baby Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ovia-parenting-baby-tracker/id1106614359Google Scholar
  134. Pacer, Inc.2021. Pacer Pedometer & Step Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pacer-pedometer-step-tracker/id600446812Google Scholar
  135. Andrea Grimes Parker. 2014. Reflection-through-Performance: Personal Implications of Documenting Health Behaviors for the Collective. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 18, 7 (Oct. 2014), 1737–1752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0780-5Google ScholarDigital Library
  136. Phoenix Games LLP. 2018. Drink Water Reminder N Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/drink-water-reminder-n-tracker/id870372885#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  137. Bernd Ploderer, Wolfgang Reitberger, Harri Oinas-Kukkonen, and Julia van Gemert-Pijnen. 2014. Social interaction and reflection for behaviour change.Google Scholar
  138. Michael Prilla, Martin Degeling, and Thomas Herrmann. 2012. Collaborative Reflection at Work: Supporting Informal Learning at a Healthcare Workplace. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1145/2389176.2389185Google ScholarDigital Library
  139. Nora Ptakauskaite, Anna L. Cox, and Nadia Berthouze. 2018. Knowing What You’re Doing or Knowing What to Do: How Stress Management Apps Support Reflection and Behaviour Change. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188648Google Scholar
  140. Amon Rapp. 2018. Gamification for Self-Tracking: From World of Warcraft to the Design of Personal Informatics Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173654Google Scholar
  141. Amon Rapp and Maurizio Tirassa. 2017. Know thyself: a theory of the self for personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 32, 5-6 (2017), 335–380.Google Scholar
  142. Amon Rapp, Maurizio Tirassa, and Lia Tirabeni. 2019. Rethinking Technologies for Behavior Change: A View from the Inside of Human Change. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 26, 4(2019), 22.Google ScholarDigital Library
  143. Recovery Record. 2021. RR: Eating Disorder Management. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rr-eating-disorder-management/id457360959Google Scholar
  144. Saeyoung Rho, Injung Lee, Hankyung Kim, Jonghyuk Jung, Hyungi Kim, Bong Gwan Jun, and Youn-kyung Lim. 2017. FutureSelf: What Happens When We Forecast Self-Trackers? Future Health Statuses?. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) (DIS ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064676Google ScholarDigital Library
  145. Verónica Rivera-Pelayo, Angela Fessl, Lars Müller, and Viktoria Pammer. 2017. Introducing Mood Self-Tracking at Work: Empirical Insights from Call Centers. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 24, 1, Article 3 (Feb. 2017), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3014058Google ScholarDigital Library
  146. John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, and Matthew Chalmers. 2014. Personal tracking as lived informatics. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, New York, 1163–1172.Google ScholarDigital Library
  147. Maria Roussou, Sara Perry, Akrivi Katifori, Stavros Vassos, Angeliki Tzouganatou, and Sierra McKinney. 2019. Transformation through Provocation?. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300857Google ScholarDigital Library
  148. Herman Saksono, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa, Jessica Hoffman, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Vivien Morris, and Andrea G. Parker. 2018. Family Health Promotion in Low-SES Neighborhoods: A Two-Month Study of Wearable Activity Tracking. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). ACM, New York, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173883Google ScholarDigital Library
  149. Sanvello Health Inc.2021. Sanvello: Anxiety & Depression. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sanvello-anxiety-depression/id922968861#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  150. Donald A Schön. 1987. Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. 1987. Jossey Bass, San Francisco.Google Scholar
  151. Donald A Schön. 2017. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
  152. Phoebe Sengers, Kirsten Boehner, Shay David, and Joseph ’Jofish’ Kaye. 2005. Reflective design. In Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Conference on Critical Computing. ACM, New York, 49–58.Google ScholarDigital Library
  153. Skimble. 2021. Workout Trainer: fitness coach. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/workout-trainer-fitness-coach/id395686735Google Scholar
  154. Sleep Cycle AB. 2021. Sleep Cycle – Sleep Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/sleep-cycle-sleep-tracker/id320606217Google Scholar
  155. Petr Slovak, Christopher Frauenberger, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2017. Reflective practicum: A framework of sensitising concepts to design for transformative reflection. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 2696–2707.Google ScholarDigital Library
  156. SnoreLab Ltd. 2021. SnoreLab : Record Your Snoring. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/snorelab-record-your-snoring/id529443604Google Scholar
  157. Katta Spiel, Fares Kayali, Louise Horvath, Michael Penkler, Sabine Harrer, Miguel Sicart, and Jessica Hammer. 2018. Fitter, Happier, More Productive? The Normative Ontology of Fitness Trackers. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA ’18). ACM, New York, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188401Google ScholarDigital Library
  158. StepsApp GMBH. 2021. StepsApp Pedometer. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/stepsapp-pedometer/id1037595083Google Scholar
  159. Strava, Inc.2021. Strava: Run, Ride, Swim. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/strava-run-ride-swim/id426826309Google Scholar
  160. S Shyam Sundar. 2008. Self as source: Agency and customization in interactive media. In Mediated Interpersonal Communication, Elly A Konijn, Sonja Utz, Martin Tanis, and Susan B Barnes (Eds.). Routledge, New York, 58–74. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203926864Google Scholar
  161. Melanie Swan. 2013. The quantified self: Fundamental disruption in big data science and biological discovery. Big data 1, 2 (2013), 85–99.Google Scholar
  162. Tamtris Web Services Inc.2021. Fertility Friend FF App. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fertility-friend-ff-app/id443919067Google Scholar
  163. Charlene Tan. 2020. Revisiting Donald Schön’s notion of reflective practice: a Daoist interpretation. Reflective Practice 21, 5 (2020), 686–698.Google ScholarCross Ref
  164. The Lampo Group Incorporated. 2021. EveryDollar: Budget Your Money. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/everydollar-budget-your-money/id942571931#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  165. Jakob Tholander and Stina Nylander. 2015. Snot, Sweat, Pain, Mud, and Snow: Performance and Experience in the Use of Sports Watches. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2913–2922. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702482Google Scholar
  166. Neil Thompson and Jan Pascal. 2012. Developing critically reflective practice. Reflective practice 13, 2 (2012), 311–325.Google Scholar
  167. Alice Thudt, Uta Hinrichs, Samuel Huron, and Sheelagh Carpendale. 2018. Self-reflection and personal physicalization construction. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, 154.Google ScholarDigital Library
  168. Martin Tisné. 2019. Data isn’t the new oil, it’s the new CO2. https://luminategroup.com/posts/blog/data-isnt-the-new-oil-its-the-new-co2Google Scholar
  169. Truebill, Inc.2021. Truebill Budget & Bill Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/truebill-budget-bill-tracker/id1130616675Google Scholar
  170. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing. 2015. The mushroom at the end of the world: On the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
  171. Under Armour, Inc.2021. Map My Fitness by Under Armour. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/map-my-fitness-by-under-armour/id298903147Google Scholar
  172. Under Armour, Inc.2021. Map My Run by Under Armour. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/map-my-run-by-under-armour/id291890420Google Scholar
  173. Elisabeth Kersten van Dijk, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, and Joyce Westerink. 2016. Deceptive Visualizations and User Bias: A Case for Personalization and Ambiguity in PI Visualizations. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (Heidelberg, Germany) (UbiComp ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 588–593. https://doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2968326Google ScholarDigital Library
  174. Viktor Sharov. 2021. My Water: Daily Drink Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/my-water-daily-drink-tracker/id964748094#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  175. Sue White, Jan Fook, and Fiona Gardner. 2006. Critical reflection in health and social care. Open University Press, Maidenhead, UK.Google Scholar
  176. Winkpass Creations, Inc.2021. iPeriod Lite Period Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/iperiod-lite-period-tracker/id340757216Google Scholar
  177. Gary Wolf. 2009. Know Thyself: Tracking Every Facet of Life, from Sleep to Mood to Pain, 24/7/365. WIRED 17.07 (June 2009), 92–95. http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/17-07/lbnp_knowthyself?currentPage=allGoogle Scholar
  178. Wombat Apps LLC. 2021. Carb Manager—Keto Diet Tracker. Apple App Store. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/carb-manager-keto-diet-app/id410089731#?platform=iphoneGoogle Scholar
  179. Paweł W. Woundefinedniak, Przemysław Piotr Kucharski, Maartje M.A. de Graaf, and Jasmin Niess. 2020. Exploring Understandable Algorithms to Suggest Fitness Tracker Goals That Foster Commitment. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (Tallinn, Estonia) (NordiCHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 35, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420131Google Scholar
  180. Paweł W. Woundefinedniak, Przemysław Piotr Kucharski, Maartje M.A. de Graaf, and Jasmin Niess. 2020. Exploring Understandable Algorithms to Suggest Fitness Tracker Goals That Foster Commitment. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (Tallinn, Estonia) (NordiCHI ’20). ACM, New York, Article 35, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420131Google Scholar
  181. Renwen Zhang, Kathryn E. Ringland, Melina Paan, David C. Mohr, and Madhu Reddy. 2021. Designing for Emotional Well-Being: Integrating Persuasion and Customization into Mental Health Technologies. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 542, 13 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445771Google ScholarDigital Library