Rethinking Technologies for Behavior Change: A View from the Inside of Human Change

by | Jun 17, 2019 | Research Publications

Author(s):

  • Amon Rapp
  • Maurizio Tirassa
  • Lia Tirabeni

Abstract:

Human-Computer Interaction researchers are increasingly designing technologies aimed at supporting “behavior change.” The model of change, which most of these works embrace, focuses on the idea that change occurs on the behavioral level and that it is externalistic, monistic, mechanistic, fragmented, and episodic. We think that a different take, focusing on the internal aspects of change, may integrate and extend what has been done using this behavioral model. We conducted 20 interviews exploring how individuals live, account for, and manage life changes. Then, we outlined five tentative patterns we identified across different kinds of changes reported by the interviewees, pointing out that change might be internalistic, multiple, intentional, holistic, and continuous. This led us to propose a set of design considerations for the evolution of the current behavior change technologies. Finally, we suggested some preliminary lines of future research, which aim to open the design space of technologies for change.

Documentation: https://doi.org/10.1145/3318142

References:
  1. Eytan Adar, Desney S. Tan, and Jaime Teevan. 2013. Benevolent deception in human computer interaction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 1863–1872.
  2. Alexander T. Adams, Jean Costa, Malte F. Jung, and Tanzeem Choudhury. 2015. Mindless computing: Designing technologies to subtly influence behavior. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’15). ACM, New York, NY, 719–730.
  3. Elena Agapie, Daniel Avrahami, and Jennifer Marlow. 2016. Staying the course: System-driven lapse management for supporting behavior change. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1072–1083.
  4. Icek Ajzen. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 2 (1991), 179–211.
  5. Paul B. Baltes and Ursula M. Staudinger. 1993. The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2, 3 (1993), 75–80.
  6. Albert Bandura. 1986. Social Foundation of thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  7. Albert Bandura. 1991. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 2 (1991), 248–287.
  8. Shaowen Bardzell, Jeffrey Bardzell, Jodi Forlizzi, John Zimmerman, and John Antanitis. 2012. Critical design and critical theory: The challenge of designing for provocation. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS’12). ACM, New York, NY, 288–297.
  9. Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell. 2013. What is “critical” about critical design? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 3297–3306.
  10. Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell. 2016. Humanistic HCI. Interactions 23, 2 (2016), 20–29.
  11. Jeffrey Bardzell, Shaowen Bardzell, and Lone Koefoed Hansen. 2015. Immodest proposals: Research through design and knowledge. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’15). ACM, New York, NY, 2093–2102.
  12. Eric P. S. Baumer, Vera Khovanskaya, Mark Matthews, Lindsay Reynolds, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Geri Gay. 2014. Reviewing reflection: On the use of reflection in interactive system design. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’14). ACM, New York, NY, 93–102.
  13. Eric P. S. Baumer and M. Six Silberman. 2011. When the implication is not to design (technology). In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11). ACM, New York, NY, 2271–2274.
  14. Frank Bentley, Konrad Tollmar, Peter Stephenson, Laura Levy, Brian Jones, Scott Robertson, Ed Price, Richard Catrambone, and Jeff Wilson. 2013. Health mashups: Presenting statistical patterns between wellbeing data and context in natural language to promote behavior change. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 20, 5 (2013), Article 30, 27.
  15. Henri Bergson. 1896/1988. Matter and Memory. Zone Books, New York, NY.
  16. Susanne Bødker. 2006. When second wave HCI meets third wave challenges. In Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles (NordiCHI’06). Anders Mørch, Konrad Morgan, Tone Bratteteig, Gautam Ghosh, and Dag Svanaes (Eds.), ACM, New York, NY, 1–8.
  17. Kirsten Boehner, Rogério DePaula, Paul Dourish, and Phoebe Sengers. 2007. How emotion is made and measured. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65, 4 (2007), 275–291.
  18. Glenn A. Bowen. 2008. Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research 8, 1 (2008), 137–152.
  19. Louis Breger. 1974. From Instinct to Identity: The Development of Personality. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  20. Orville G. Brim and Carol D. Ryff. 1980. On the properties of life events. In Life-Span Development and Behavior, Paul B. Baltes and Orvill G. Brim Jr (Eds.), Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York, NY, 367–388.
  21. Adelina Brizio, Maurizio Tirassa. 2016. Biological agency: Its subjective foundations and a large-scale taxonomy. Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016), 41
  22. Peter Brusilovsky. 1996. Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 6, 2–3 (1996), 87–129.
  23. Hronn Brynjarsdóttir, Maria Håkansson, James Pierce, Eric Baumer, Carl DiSalvo, and Phoebe Sengers. 2012. Sustainably unpersuaded: How persuasion narrows our vision of sustainability. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’12). ACM, New York, NY, 947–956.
  24. Susan Bull and Judy Kay. 2013. Open learner models as drivers for metacognitive processes. In International Handbook on Metacognition and Learning Technologies, Roger Azevedo and Vincent Aleven (Eds.). Springer, New York, 349–366.
  25. Michael Bury. 1982. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociology of Health and Illness 4, 2 (1982), 167–182.
  26. Scott Carter and Jennifer Mankoff. 2005. When participants do the capturing: the role of media in diary studies. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’05). ACM, New York, NY, 899–908.
  27. Federica Cena, Silvia Likavec, and Amon Rapp. 2018. Real world user model: Evolution of user modeling triggered by advances in wearable and ubiquitous computing: State of the Art and Future Directions. Information Systems Frontiers.
  28. Federica Cena, Amon Rapp, Cataldo Musto, and Pasquale Lops. 2018. Towards a conceptual model for holistic recommendations. In Proceedings of the Adjunct Publication of the 26th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’18). ACM, New York, NY, 207–210.
  29. Federica Cena, Ilaria Lombardi, Amon Rapp, Federico Sarzotti. 2014. Self-monitoring of emotions: A novel personal informatics solution for an enhanced self-reporting. In Proceedings of the UMAP Workshop, CEUR Workshop, Vol. 1181, 72–78.
  30. Beenish M. Chaudhry, Christopher Schaefbauer, Ben Jelen, Katie A. Siek, and Kay Connelly. 2016. Evaluation of a food portion size estimation interface for a varying literacy population. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 5645–5657.
  31. Hyojin Chin, Hengameh Zabihi, Sangkeun Park, Mun Yong Yi, and Uichin Lee. 2017. WatchOut: Facilitating safe driving behaviors with social support. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2459–2465.
  32. James Clawson, Jessica A. Pater, Andrew D. Miller, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, and Lena Mamykina. 2015. No longer wearing: investigating the abandonment of personal health-tracking technologies on craigslist. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’15). ACM, New York, NY, 647–658.
  33. Bertram J. Cohler. 1982. Personal narrative and life course. In Life-span Development and Behavior, Vol. 4. Paul B. Baltes and Orvill G. Brim Jr. (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY, 205–241.
  34. John O. Cooper, Timothy E. Heron, and William L. Heward. 2007. Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  35. Roelof A. J. de Vries, Khiet P. Truong, Sigrid Kwint, Constance H. C. Drossaert, and Vanessa Evers. 2016. Crowd-designed motivation: Motivational messages for exercise adherence based on behavior change theory. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 297–308.
  36. Carl DiSalvo, Phoebe Sengers, and Hrönn Brynjarsdóttir. 2010. Mapping the landscape of sustainable HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’10). ACM, New York, NY, 1975–1984.
  37. Alan Dix. 2007. Designing for appropriation. In Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI but Not As We Know It (BCS-HCI’07), Vol. 2. BCS Learning 8 Development Ltd., Swindon, UK, 27–30.
  38. Paul Dourish. 2001. Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  39. Per Ehn. 1988. Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts. Arbetlivscentrum, Stockholm.
  40. Glen H. Elder. 1985. Perspectives on the life course. In Life Course Dynamics: Trajectories and Transitions, 1968–1980, Glen E. Elder (Ed.), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 23–49.
  41. Chris Elsden, David S. Kirk, and Abigail C. Durrant. 2016. A quantified past: Toward design for remembering with personal informatics. Human-Computer Interaction 31, 6 (2016), 518–557.
  42. Daniel A. Epstein, Jennifer H. Kang, Laura R. Pina, James Fogarty, and Sean A. Munson. 2016. Reconsidering the device in the drawer: Lapses as a design opportunity in personal informatics. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’16). ACM, New York, NY, 829–840.
  43. Erik H. Erikson. 1963. Childhood and Society. Norton, New York, NY.
  44. Daniel Fallman. 2003. In Romance with the Materials of Mobile Interaction: A Phenomenological Approach to the Design of Mobile Information Technology. Doctoral thesis. Larsson 8 Co:s Tryckeri, Umea University, Sweden.
  45. Daniel Fallman and John Waterworth. 2010. Capturing user experiences of mobile information technology with the repertory grid technique. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments 6, 2 (2010), 250–268.
  46. Antonio Fernández-Caballero, Arturo Martínez-Rodrigo, José Manuel Pastor, José Carlos Castillo, Elena Lozano-Monasor, María T. López, Roberto Zangróniz, José Miguel Latorre, and Alicia Fernández-Sotos. 2016. Smart environment architecture for emotion detection and regulation. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 64 (2016), 55–73.
  47. Barbara H. Fiese, Arnold J. Sameroff, Harold D. Grotevant, Frederick S. Wamboldt, Susan Dickstein, Deborah Lewis Fravel, Kathleen AT Marjinsky, Dean Gorall, Joyce Piper, Martin St. Andre, Ronald Seifer, and Masha Schiller. 1999. The stories that families tell: Narrative coherence, narrative interaction, and relationship beliefs. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64, 2 (1999), X–159.
  48. Jerry A. Fodor. 1980. Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980), 63–109.
  49. Christopher Frauenberger, Judith Good, and Wendy Keay-Bright. 2010. Phenomenology, a framework for participatory design. In Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference (PDC’10). ACM, New York, NY, 187–190.
  50. Christopher Frauenberger, Julia Makhaeva, and Katharina Spiel. 2016. Designing smart objects with autistic children: Four design exposès. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 130–139.
  51. Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi. 2008. The Phenomenological Mind. Routledge, New York, NY.
  52. Feng Gao, Enrico Costanza, and M. C. Schraefel. 2012. “Honey=sugar” means unhealthy: Investigating how people apply knowledge to rate food’s healthiness. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’12). ACM, New York, NY, 71–80.
  53. William Gaver. 2012. What should we expect from research through design? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’12). ACM, New York, NY, 937–946.
  54. William W. Gaver, John Bowers, Andrew Boucher, Hans Gellerson, Sarah Pennington, Albrecht Schmidt, Anthony Steed, Nicholas Villars, and Brendan Walker. 2004. The drift table: Designing for ludic engagement. In Proceedings of the CHI’04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’04). ACM, New York, NY, 885–900.
  55. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, IL.
  56. Giampietro Gobo. 2008. Re-conceptualizing generalization. Old issues in a new frame. In The SAGE Handbook of Social Research Methods. Pertti Alasuutari, Leonard Bickman and Julia Brannen (Eds.). Sage, London, 193–213.
  57. Jane Gruning, Julia Bullard, and Melissa Ocepek. 2015. Medium, access, and obsolescence: What kinds of objects are lasting objects? In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’15). ACM, New York, NY, 3433–3442.
  58. Gregory A. Guagnano, Paul C. Stern, and Thomas Dietz. 1995. Influences of attitude-behavior relationships: A natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environment 8 Behavior 27 (1995), 699–718.
  59. Julio Guerra-Hollstein, Jordan Barria-Pineda, Christian D. Schunn, Susan Bull, and Peter Brusilovsky. 2017. Fine-grained open learner models: Complexity versus support. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’17). ACM, New York, NY, 41–49.
  60. Vittorio F. Guidano. 1987. Complexity of the Self: A Developmental Approach to Psychopathology and Therapy. Guilford, New York, NY.
  61. Vittorio F. Guidano. 1991. The Self in Process: Toward a Post-rationalist Cognitive Therapy. Guilford, New York, NY.
  62. Vittorio F. Guidano, and Giovanni Liotti. 1983. Cognitive Processes and Emotional Disorders: A Structural Approach to Psychotherapy. Guilford, New York, NY.
  63. Cathal Gurrin, Alan F. Smeaton, and Aiden R. Doherty. 2014. Lifelogging: Personal Big Data. Now Publishers Inc., Hanover, MA.
  64. Oliver L. Haimson, Jed R. Brubaker, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2016. Digital footprints and changing networks during online identity transitions. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 2895–2907.
  65. Sabrina Hauser, Ron Wakkary, William Odom, Peter-Paul Verbeek, Audrey Desjardins, Henry Lin, Matthew Dalton, Markus Schilling, and Gijs de Boer. 2018. Deployments of the table-non-table: A reflection on the relation between theory and things in the practice of design research. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 201, 13.
  66. Jonna Häkkilä and Ashley Colley. 2016. Towards a design space for liquid user interfaces. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, Article 34, 4.
  67. Kirsi Halttu and Harri Oinas-Kukkonen. 2017. Persuading to reflect: role of reflection and insight in persuasive systems design for physical health. Human-Computer Interaction 32, 5–6 (2017), 381–412.
  68. Juho Hamari, Jonna Koivisto, and Tuomas Pakkanen. 2014. Do persuasive technologies persuade?—A review of empirical studies. In Persuasive Technology. Anna Spagnolli, Luca Chittaro, and Luciano Gamberini (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8462. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 118–136.
  69. Steve Harrison, Deborah Tatar, and Phoebe Sengers. 2007. The three paradigms of HCI. In Proceedings of the Alt. Chi. Session at the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems San Jose. California, 1–18.
  70. Martin Heidegger. 1982. The Basic Problems of Phenomenology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
  71. Martin Heidegger. 1927/1990. Being and Time. SUNY Press, Albany, NY.
  72. Eric B. Hekler, Predrag Klasnja, Jon E. Froehlich, and Matthew P. Buman. 2013. Mind the theoretical gap: Interpreting, using, and developing behavioral theory in HCI research. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 3307–3316.
  73. Ravenna Helson and Brent W. Roberts. 1994. Ego development and personality change in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, 5 (1994), 911–920.
  74. Setia Hermawati and Glyn Lawson. 2014. Managing obesity through mobile phone applications: A state-of-the-art review from a user-centred design perspective. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 18, 8 (2014), 2003–2023.
  75. Sander Hermsen, Jeana Frost, Reint Jan Renes, and Peter Kerkhof. 2016. Using feedback through digital technology to disrupt and change habitual behavior. Computers in Human Behavior 57, C (2016), 61–74.
  76. Dize Hilviu and Amon Rapp. 2015. Narrating the quantified self. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (UbiComp/ISWC’15 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, 1051–1056.
  77. Edmund Husserl. 1962. Phenomenological Psychology: Lectures from the Summer Semester, 1925. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands.
  78. Edmund Husserl. 1976. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. An Introduction to Phenomenology. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL.
  79. Katherine Isbister, Kristina Höök, Michael Sharp, and Jarmo Laaksolahti. 2006. The sensual evaluation instrument: Developing an affective evaluation tool. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’06), Rebecca Grinter, Thomas Rodden, Paul Aoki, Ed Cutrell, Robin Jeffries, and Gary Olson (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, 1163–1172.
  80. Netta Iivari and Kari Kuutti. 2017. Critical design research and information technology: Searching for empowering design. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’17). ACM, New York, NY, 983–993.
  81. Marina Jirotka, Barbara Grimpe, Bernd Stahl, Grace Eden, and Mark Hartswood. 2017. Responsible research and innovation in the digital age. Communications of the ACM 60, 5 (2017), 62–68.
  82. Toshikazu Kanaoka and Bilge Mutlu. 2015. Designing a motivational agent for behavior change in physical activity. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’15). ACM, New York, NY, 1445–1450.
  83. Victor Kaptelinin. 2018. Technology and the givens of existence: Toward an existential inquiry framework in HCI research. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 270, 14.
  84. Yamini Karanam, Leslie Filko, Lindsay Kaser, Hanan Alotaibi, Elham Makhsoom, and Stephen Voida. 2014. Motivational affordances and personality types in personal informatics. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (UbiComp’14 Adjunct). ACM, New York, NY, 79–82.
  85. Robert Kegan. 1982. The Evolving Self: Problem and Process in Human Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  86. George A. Kelly. 1955. The Psychology of Personal Constructs. Norton, New York, NY.
  87. Muhammad M. Khan, Roliana Ibrahim, and Imran Ghani. 2017. Cross domain recommender systems: A systematic literature review. ACM Computing Surveys 50, 3 (2017), Article 36, 34.
  88. David Klindt, Marie Devaine, and Jean Daunizeau. 2017. Does the way we read others’ mind change over the lifespan? Insights from a massive web poll of cognitive skills from childhood to late adulthood. Cortex 86 (2017), 205–215.
  89. Alexandra Kitson, Thecla Schiphorst, and Bernhard E. Riecke. 2018. Are you dreaming? A phenomenological study on understanding lucid dreams as a tool for introspection in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 343, 12.
  90. David S. Kirk and Abigail Sellen. 2010. On human remains: Values and practice in the home archiving of cherished objects. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 17, 3 (2010), Article 10, 43.
  91. Predrag Klasnja, Sunny Consolvo, and Wanda Pratt. 2011. How to evaluate technologies for health behavior change in HCI research. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11). ACM, New York, NY, 3063–3072.
  92. Artie Konrad, Ellen Isaacs, and Steve Whittaker. 2016. Technology-mediated memory: Is technology altering our memories and interfering with well-being? ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23, 4 (2016), Article 23, 29.
  93. Lenneke Kuijer and Conny Bakker. 2015. Of chalk and cheese: Behaviour change and practice theory in sustainable design. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 8, 3 (2015), 219–230.
  94. Gisela Labouvie-Vief, Lisa M. Chiodo, Lori A. Goguen and Manfred Dhiel. 1995. Representations of self across the life span. Psychology and Aging 10, 3 (1995), 404–415.
  95. Amanda Lazar, Christian Koehler, Joshua Tanenbaum, and David H. Nguyen. 2015. Why we use and abandon smart devices. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’15). ACM, New York, NY, 635–646.
  96. Amanda Lazar, Caroline Edasis, and Anne Marie Piper. 2017. A critical lens on dementia and design in HCI. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2175–2188.
  97. Min Kyung Lee, Junsung Kim, Jodi Forlizzi, and Sara Kiesler. 2015. Personalization revisited: A reflective approach helps people better personalize health services and motivates them to increase physical activity. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’15). ACM, New York, NY, 743–754.
  98. Jisoo Lee, Erin Walker, Winslow Burleson, Matthew Kay, Matthew Buman, and Eric B. Hekler. 2017. Self-experimentation for behavior change: Design and formative evaluation of two approaches. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 6837–6849.
  99. David K. Lewis. 1994. Reduction of mind. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Samuel D. Guttenplan (Ed.). Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 412–431.
  100. Lassi A. Liikkanen and Paula Gómez Gómez. 2013. Designing interactive systems for the experience of time. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces (DPPI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 146–155.
  101. Derek Lomas, Anuj Kumar, Kishan Patel, Dixie Ching, Meera Lakshmanan, Matthew Kam, and Jodi L. Forlizzi. 2013. The power of play: Design lessons for increasing the lifespan of outdated computers. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 2735–2744.
  102. Yuhan Luo, Bongshin Lee, Donghee Yvette Wohn, Amanda L. Rebar, David E. Conroy, and Eun Kyoung Choe. 2018. Time for break: Understanding information workers’ sedentary behavior through a break prompting system. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 127, 14.
  103. Kathleen M. MacQueen, Eleanor Mclellan-Lemal, Kelly Bartholow, and Bobby Milstein. 2008. Team-based codebook development: Structure, process, and agreement. In Handbook for Team-based Qualitative Research, Greg Guest, and Kathleen M. MacQueen (Eds.), Altamira Press, Lanham, 119–136.
  104. Bryan Marshall, Peter Cardon, Amit Poddar, and Renee Fontenot. 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research? A review of qualitative interviews in IS research. Journal of Computer Information Systems 54, 1 (2013),11–22.
  105. Lara J. Martin, Brent Harrison, and Mark O. Riedl. 2016. Improvisational computational storytelling in open worlds. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling. Springer, Cham, 73–84.
  106. Michael Massimi, Jill P. Dimond, and Christopher A. Le Dantec. 2012. Finding a new normal: The role of technology in life disruptions. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’12). ACM, New York, NY, 719–728.
  107. Judith Masthoff, Floriana Grasso, and Jaap Ham. 2014. Preface to the special issue on personalization and behavior change. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 24, 5 (2014), 345–350.
  108. Humberto R. Maturana and Francisco J. Varela. 1980. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Reidel, Dordrecht.
  109. Dan P. McAdams. 1985. Power, Intimacy, and the Life Story: Personological Inquiries into Identity. Guilford Press, New York, NY.
  110. Dan P. McAdams. 2001. The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology 5, 2 (2001), 100–122.
  111. Andrew P. McPherson, Alan Chamberlain, Adrian Hazzard, Sean McGrath, and Steve Benford. 2016. Designing for exploratory play with a hackable digital musical instrument. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1233–1245.
  112. Jochen Meyer, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2016. No effects but useful? Long term use of smart health devices. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (UbiComp’16). ACM, New York, NY, 516–521.
  113. Andrew D. Miller and Elizabeth D. Mynatt. 2014. StepStream: A school-based pervasive social fitness system for everyday adolescent health. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’14). ACM, New York, NY, 2823–2832.
  114. Ine Mols, Elise van den Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2016. Technologies for everyday life reflection: Illustrating a design space. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 53–61.
  115. Ken Nakagaki, Pasquale Totaro, Jim Peraino, Thariq Shihipar, Chantine Akiyama, Yin Shuang, and Hiroshi Ishii. 2016. Hydromorph: Shape changing water membrane for display and interaction. In Proceedings of the TEI’16: 10th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 512–517.
  116. William Odom, Richard Banks, Abigail Durrant, David Kirk, and James Pierce. 2012. Slow technology: Critical reflection and future directions. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS’12). ACM, New York, NY, 816–817.
  117. William Odom, Ron Wakkary, Ishac Bertran, Matthew Harkness, Garnet Hertz, Jeroen Hol, Henry Lin, Bram Naus, Perry Tan, and Pepijn Verburg. 2018. Attending to slowness and temporality with olly and slow game: A design inquiry into supporting longer-term relations with everyday computational objects. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 77, 13.
  118. Rita Orji, Julita Vassileva, and Regan L. Mandryk. 2013. LunchTime: A slow-casual game for long-term dietary behavior change. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 17, 6 (2013), 1211–1221.
  119. Rita Orji and Karyn Moffatt. 2016. Persuasive technology for health and wellness: State-of-the-art and emerging trends. Health Informatics Journal 24, 1 (2018), 66–91.
  120. James Pierce. 2014. Undesigning interaction. Interactions 21, 4 (2014), 36–39.
  121. James Pierce and Eric Paulos. 2011. A phenomenology of human-electricity relations. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11). ACM, New York, NY, 2405–2408.
  122. Charlie Pinder, Russell Beale, and Robert J. Hendley. 2016. Zephyr: Exploring digital behaviour change interventions to treat hoarding. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct (MobileHCI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 875–882.
  123. Charlie Pinder, Jo Vermeulen, Benjamin R. Cowan, and Russell Beale. 2018. Digital behaviour change interventions to break and form habits. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 25, 3 (2018), Article 15, 66.
  124. James O. Prochaska, and Wayne F. Velicer. 1997. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion 12, 1 (1997) 38–48.
  125. Stephen Purpura, Victoria Schwanda, Kaiton Williams, William Stubler, and Phoebe Sengers. 2011. Fit4life: The design of a persuasive technology promoting healthy behavior and ideal weight. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’11). ACM, New York, NY, 423–432.
  126. Hilary Putnam. 1975. Robots: Machines or artificially created life? In Mind, Language, and Reality, Hilary Putnam (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 386–407.
  127. Amon Rapp. 2017a. Designing interactive systems through a game lens: An ethnographic approach. Computers in Human Behavior 71 (2017a), 455–468.
  128. Amon Rapp. 2017b. Drawing inspiration from world of warcraft: Gamification design elements for behavior change technologies. Interacting with Computers 29, 5 (2017b), 648–678.
  129. Amon Rapp. 2018. Gamification for self-tracking: From world of warcraft to the design of personal informatics systems. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 80, 15.
  130. Amon Rapp. 2019. Design fictions for behaviour change: Exploring the long-term impacts of technology through the creation of fictional future prototypes. Behaviour 8 Information Technology 38, 3 (2019), 244–272.
  131. Amon Rapp and Federica Cena. 2015. Affordances for self-tracking wearable devices. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC’15). ACM, New York, NY, 141–142.
  132. Amon Rapp, Federica Cena, Romina Castaldo, Roberto Keller, Maurizio Tirassa. 2018. Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competences of people with autism. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 120 (2018), 49–65.
  133. Amon Rapp, Alessandra Marino, Rossana Simeoni, and Federica Cena. 2017 An ethnographic study of packaging-free purchasing: designing an interactive system to support sustainable social practices. Behaviour 8 Information Technology 36, 11 (2017), 1193–1217.
  134. Amon Rapp and Lia Tirabeni. 2018. Personal informatics for sport: Meaning, body, and social relations in amateur and elite athletes. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 25, 3 (2018), Article 16, 30.
  135. Amon Rapp and Maurizio Tirassa. 2017. Know thyself: A theory of the self for personal informatics. Human-Computer Interaction 32, 5–6 (2017), 335–380.
  136. Dimitrios Raptis, Rikke Hagensby Jensen, Jesper Kjeldskov, and Mikael B. Skov. 2017. Aesthetic, functional and conceptual provocation in research through design. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’17). ACM, New York, NY, 29–41.
  137. Mark O. Riedl. 2016. Computational narrative intelligence: A human-centered goal for artificial intelligence. In Proceedings of the CHI 2016 Workshop on Human-Centered Machine Learning. San Jose, California, 5.
  138. Milagros C. Rosal and Jamie S. Bodenlos. 2009. Culture and health-related behavior. In The Handbook of Health Behavior Change (3rd ed.). Sally A. Shumaker, Judith K. Ockene, and Kristin A. Rickert (Eds.). Springer, New York, NY, 19–37.
  139. Minna Ruckenstein and Mika Pantzar. 2017. Beyond the quantified self: Thematic exploration of a dataistic paradigm. New Media 8 Society 19, 3 (2017), 401–418.
  140. James F. Sallis and Neville Owen. 2015. Ecological models. In Health Behaviour and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (5th ed.). Karen Glanz, Barbara K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath (Eds.). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 403–424.
  141. Corina Sas, Steve Whittaker, and John Zimmerman. 2016. Design for rituals of letting go: An embodiment perspective on disposal practices informed by grief therapy. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23, 4 (2016), Article 21, 37.
  142. Corina Sas and Steve Whittaker. 2013. Design for forgetting: disposing of digital possessions after a breakup. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 1823–1832.
  143. Tobias Schwartz, Gunnar Stevens, Leonardo Ramirez, and Volker Wulf. 2013. Uncovering practices of making energy consumption accountable: A phenomenological inquiry. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 20, 2 (2013), Article 12, 30.
  144. Phoebe Sengers, Kirsten Boehner, Shay David, and Joseph ‘Jofish’ Kaye. 2005. Reflective design. In Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Conference on Critical Computing: Between Sense and Sensibility (CC’05), Olav W. Bertelsen, Niels Olof Bouvin, Peter G. Krogh, and Morten Kyng (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, 49–58.
  145. Theodore R. Schatzki. 2001. Introduction: Practice theory. In The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, Theodore R. Schatzki, Karin Knorr Cetina, Eike von Savigny (Eds.). Routledge, London, UK, 1–14.
  146. Hanna Schneider, Kilian Moser, Andreas Butz, and Florian Alt. 2016. Understanding the mechanics of persuasive system design: A mixed-method theory-driven analysis of freeletics. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 309–320.
  147. Alfred Schutz. 1970. On Phenomenology and Social Relations: Selected Writings of Alfred Schutz. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
  148. John R. Searle. 1983. Intentionality. An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  149. John R. Searle. 2001. Rationality in Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  150. Irina Shklovski, Robert Kraut, and Jonathon Cummings. 2008. Keeping in touch by technology: Maintaining friendships after a residential move. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’08). ACM, New York, NY, 807–816.
  151. Elizabeth Shove. 2010. Beyond the ABC: Climate change policy and theories of social change. Environment and Planning A 42, 6 (2010), 1273–1285.
  152. Barrhus F. Skinner. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms. Appleton-Century, New York City.
  153. Petr Slovák, Christopher Frauenberger, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2017. Reflective practicum: A framework of sensitising concepts to design for transformative reflection. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’17). ACM, New York, NY, 2696–2707.
  154. Jonathan Smith, Paul Flowers, and Michael Larkin. 2009. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. Sage, London, UK.
  155. Timothy Sohn, Kevin A. Li, William G. Griswold, and James D. Hollan. 2008. A diary study of mobile information needs. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’08). ACM, New York, NY, 433–442.
  156. Robert Sokolowski. 2000. Introduction to Phenomenology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  157. Jerold M. Starr. 1983. Toward a social phenomenology of aging: Studying the self process in biographical work. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 16, 4 (1983), 255–270.
  158. Anna Ståhl, Kristina Höök, Martin Svensson, Alex S. Taylor, and Marco Combetto. 2009. Experiencing the affective diary. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 13, 5 (2009), 365–378.
  159. Elizabeth Stowell, Mercedes C. Lyson, Herman Saksono, Reneé C. Wurth, Holly Jimison, Misha Pavel, and Andrea G. Parker. 2018. Designing and evaluating mHealth interventions for vulnerable populations: A systematic review. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’18). ACM, New York, NY, Article 15, 17.
  160. Victor J. Strecher, Gerard H. Seijts, Gerjo J. Kok, Gary P. Latham, Russell Glasgow, Brenda DeVillis, Ree M. Meertens, and David W. Bulger. 1995. Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly 22, 2 (1995), 190–200.
  161. Minhyang (Mia) Suh and Gary Hsieh. 2016. Designing for future behaviors: Understanding the effect of temporal distance on planned behaviors. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1084–1096.
  162. Dag Svanæs. 2013. Interaction design for and with the lived body: Some implications of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 20, 1 (2013), Article 8, 30.
  163. Maurizio Tirassa, Antonella Carassa, and Giuliano Geminiani. 2000. A theoretical framework for the study of spatial cognition. In Spatial Cognition. Foundations and Applications, S. Ó Nualláin (Ed.). Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 19–31. ISBN:90-272-5146-0
  164. Daisuke Uriu and William Odom. 2016. Designing for domestic memorialization and remembrance: A field study of fenestra in japan. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 5945–5957.
  165. Michele Vecchione, Anna K. Döring, Giudo Alessandri, Gilda Marsicano, and Anat Bardi. 2016. Reciprocal relations across time between basic values and value-expressive behaviors: A longitudinal study among children. Social Development 25, 3 (2016), 528–547.
  166. Max Van Kleek, Dave Murray-Rust, Amy Guy, Kieron O’Hara, and Nigel Shadbolt. 2016. Computationally mediated pro-social deception. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 552–563.
  167. William Von Hippel and Robert Trivers. 2011. The evolution and psychology of self-deception. Behavioral and Brain Science 34, 1 (2011), 41–56.
  168. Joshua H. West, Lindsay M. Belvedere, Rebecca Andreasen, Christine Frandsen, P. Cougar Hall, and Benjamin T. Crookston. 2017. Controlling your “App”etite: How diet and nutrition-related mobile apps lead to behavior change. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 5, 7 (2017), e95.
  169. Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores. 1986. Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Ablex (Repr. 1987. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA), Norwood, NJ.
  170. Steve Whittaker, Vaiva Kalnikaite, Victoria Hollis, and Andrew Guydish. 2016. ‘Don’t waste my time’: Use of time information improves focus. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, 1729–1738.
  171. Cornelia Wrzus, Martha Hänel, Jenny Wagner, and Franz J. Neyer. 2013. Social network changes and life events across the life span: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 139, 1 (2013), 53–80.
  172. Dan Zahavi. 2012. The Time of the self. Grazer Philosophische Studien 84, 1 (2012), 143–159.
  173. Jorge Luis Zapico, Cecilia Katzeff, Ulrica Bohné, and Rebecka Milestad. 2016. Eco-feedback visualization for closing the gap of organic food consumption. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI’16). ACM, New York, NY, Article 75, 9 pages.
  174. John Zimmerman. 2009. Designing for the self: Making products that help people become the person they desire to be. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’09). ACM, New York, NY, 395–404.