Self-Tracking Behaviour in Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Drivers and Outcomes of Fitness Tracking

Author(s):

Daoyan Jina
Hallgeir Halvari,
Natalia Maehle
Anja H. Olafsen

Abstract:

Advances in technologies (e.g. smartphones, wearables) have resulted in the concept of ‘self-tracking’, and the use of self-tracking technologies in physical activity (i.e. fitness tracking) is on the rise. For example, many people track and monitor their fitness-related metrics (e.g. steps walked, distance ran, and calories burned) to change their behaviours or keep themselves active. Despite the widespread application of self-tracking in fitness, relatively little is known about its drivers and outcomes. To address this gap, the current paper provides an overview of the literature (empirical papers) on self-tracking with a focus on the drivers and outcomes of fitness tracking behaviour and offers four important contributions. First, it identifies 19 drivers of fitness tracking technology usage. Second, it discusses four main outcomes of fitness tracking behaviour. Third, by drawing on the existing studies conducted across various fitness tracking technologies (e.g. fitness trackers, apps) and user groups (e.g. patients, seniors, and females), it provides valuable insights that can be generalisable to other settings (e.g. other types of users and fitness tracking products). Finally, the current paper provides important practical implications and addresses avenues for future research.

Documentation:

https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1801840

References:

Abouzahra, M., and M. Ghasemaghaei. 2020. “The Antecedents and Results of Seniors’ Use of Activity Tracking Wearable Devices.” Health Policy and Technology 9: 213–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.11.002. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Aittasalo, M., S. Miilunpalo, K. Kukkonen-Harjula, and M. Pasanen. 2006. “A Randomized Intervention of Physical Activity Promotion and Patient Self-Monitoring in Primary Health Care.” Preventive Medicine 42 (1): 40–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.10.003. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Ajana, B. 2018. “Introduction: Metric Culture and the Over-Examined Life.” In Metric Culture: Ontologies of Self-Tracking Practices, edited by B. Ajana, 1–9. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Allen, J. K., J. Stephens, C. R. Dennison Himmelfarb, K. J. Stewart, and S. Hauck. 2013. “Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Testing Use of Smartphone Technology for Obesity Treatment.” Journal of Obesity 2013: 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/151597. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Almalki, M., K. Gray, and F. Martin-Sanchez. 2016. “Activity Theory as a Theoretical Framework for Health Self-Quantification: a Systematic Review of Empirical Studies.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 18: e131. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5000. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Asimakopoulos, S., G. Asimakopoulos, and F. Spillers. 2017. “Motivation and User Engagement in Fitness Tracking: Heuristics for Mobile Healthcare Wearables.” Paper presented at the Informatics. [Google Scholar]
Attig, C., and T. Franke. 2019. “I Track, Therefore I Walk – Exploring the Motivational Costs of Wearing Activity Trackers in Actual Users.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 127: 211–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.007. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Briers, B., M. Pandelaere, S. Dewitte, and L. Warlop. 2006. “Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa.” Psychological Science 17 (11): 939–943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01808.x. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Butryn, M. L., D. Arigo, G. A. Raggio, M. Colasanti, and E. M. Forman. 2016. “Enhancing Physical Activity Promotion in Midlife Women with Technology-Based Self-Monitoring and Social Connectivity: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Health Psychology 21 (8): 1548–1555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314558895. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Cadmus-Bertram, L. A., B. H. Marcus, R. E. Patterson, B. A. Parker, and B. L. Morey. 2015. “Randomized Trial of a Fitbit-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Women.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49 (3): 414–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.020. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Canhoto, A. I., and S. Arp. 2017. “Exploring the Factors That Support Adoption and Sustained use of Health and Fitness Wearables.” Journal of Marketing Management 33 (1-2): 32–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2016.1234505. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Casey, M., P. S. Hayes, F. Glynn, G. ÓLaighin, D. Heaney, A. W. Murphy, and L. G. Glynn. 2014. “Patients’ Experiences of Using a Smartphone Application to Increase Physical Activity: the SMART MOVE Qualitative Study in Primary Care.” British Journal of General Practice 64 (625): e500–e508. doi:https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14X680989. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Chang, R. C.-S., H.-P. Lu, P. Yang, and P. Luarn. 2016. “Reciprocal Reinforcement between Wearable Activity Trackers and Social Network Services in Influencing Physical Activity Behaviors.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 4 (3): e84. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.5637. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Chang, T.-Z., and A. R. Wildt. 1994. “Price, Product Information, and Purchase Intention: An Empirical Study.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 22 (1): 16–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070394. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Cheatham, S. W., K. R. Stull, M. Fantigrassi, and I. Motel. 2018. “The Efficacy of Wearable Activity Tracking Technology as Part of a Weight Loss Program: A Systematic Review.” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 58 (4): 534–548.. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Choe, E. K., N. B. Lee, B. Lee, W. Pratt, and J. A. Kientz. 2014. “Understanding Quantified-Selfers’ Practices in Collecting and Exploring Personal Data.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems. [Google Scholar]
Chuah, S. H.-W., P. A. Rauschnabel, N. Krey, B. Nguyen, T. Ramayah, and S. Lade. 2016. “Wearable Technologies: The Role of Usefulness and Visibility in Smartwatch Adoption.” Computers in Human Behavior 65: 276–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.047. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Clawson, J., Pater, J. A., Miller, A. D., Mynatt, E. D., & Mamykina, L. (2015). “No Longer Wearing: Investigating the Abandonment of Personal Health-Tracking Technologies on Craigslist.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. [Google Scholar]
Consolvo, S., K. Everitt, I. Smith, and J. A. Landay. 2006. “Design Requirements for Technologies That Encourage Physical Activity.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems. [Google Scholar]
Coorevits, L., and T. Coenen. 2016. “The Rise and Fall of Wearable Fitness Trackers.” Paper presented at the Academy of Management. [Google Scholar]
Coskun, A. 2019. “Design for Long-Term Tracking: Insights from a Six-Month Field Study Exploring Users’ Experiences with Activity Trackers.” The Design Journal 22 (5): 665–686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2019.1634447. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Croteau, K. A., N. E. Richeson, B. C. Farmer, and D. B. Jones. 2007. “Effect of a Pedometer-Based Intervention on Daily Step Counts of Community-Dwelling Older Adults.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78 (5): 401–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2007.10599439. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Curren, M. T., and K. R. Harich. 1994. “Consumers’ Mood States: The Mitigating Influence of Personal Relevance on Product Evaluations.” Psychology and Marketing 11 (2): 91–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220110202. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan. 2002. “Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective.” In Handbook of Self-Determination Research, edited by E. L. Deci and Ryan R. M., 3–33. Rochester: University of Rochester. [Google Scholar]
Dehghani, M. 2018. “Exploring the Motivational Factors on Continuous Usage Intention of Smartwatches among Actual Users.” Behaviour & Information Technology 37 (2): 145–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1424246. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Dehghani, M., and R. M. Dangelico. 2018. “Smart Wearable Technologies: State of the Art and Evolution Over Time through Patent Analysis and Clustering.” International Journal of Product Development 22 (4): 293–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1424246. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Epstein, D. A., M. Caraway, C. Johnston, A. Ping, J. Fogarty, and S. A. Munson. 2016. “Beyond Abandonment to Next Steps: Understanding and Designing for Life after Personal Informatics Tool Use.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. [Google Scholar]
Etkin, J. 2016. “The Hidden Cost of Personal Quantification.” Journal of Consumer Research 42 (6): 967–984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv095. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Fritz, T., E. M. Huang, G. C. Murphy, and T. Zimmermann. 2014. “Persuasive Technology in the Real World: A Study of Long-Term Use of Activity Sensing Devices for Fitness.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. [Google Scholar]
Gao, Y., H. Li, and Y. Luo. 2015. “An Empirical Study of Wearable Technology Acceptance in Healthcare.” Industrial Management & Data Systems 115 (9): 1704–1723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-03-2015-0087. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Giddens, L., D. Leidner, and E. Gonzalez. 2017. “The Role of Fitbits in Corporate Wellness Programs: Does Step Count Matter?” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. [Google Scholar]
Gimpel, H., M. Nißen, and R. Görlitz. 2013. Quantifying the Quantified Self: A Study on the Motivations of Patients to Track Their Own Health. Milan: In 34th International Conference on Information Systems. [Google Scholar]
Glynn, L. G., P. S. Hayes, M. Casey, F. Glynn, A. Alvarez-Iglesias, J. Newell, … A. W. Murphy. 2014. “Effectiveness of a Smartphone Application to Promote Physical Activity in Primary Care: The SMART MOVE Randomised Controlled Trial.” British Journal of General Practice 64 (624): e384–e391. doi:https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14X680461. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Gualtieri, L., S. Rosenbluth, and J. Phillips. 2016. “Can a Free Wearable Activity Tracker Change Behavior? The Impact of Trackers on Adults in a Physician-Led Wellness Group.” JMIR Research Protocols 5 (4): e237. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.6534. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Han, J. K., S.-W. Chung, and Y. S. Sohn. 2018. “What’s in a Name? The Impact of Subcategory Salience on Value Perception and Upgrade Intention for Multicategory Products.” Psychology & Marketing 35 (12): 913–922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21144. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Harrison, D., P. Marshall, N. Bianchi-Berthouze, and J. Bird. 2015. “Activity Tracking: Barriers, Workarounds and Customisation.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. [Google Scholar]
Hartman, S. J., S. H. Nelson, and L. S. Weiner. 2018. “Patterns of Fitbit Use and Activity Levels Throughout a Physical Activity Intervention: Exploratory Analysis from a Randomized Controlled Trial.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 6 (2): e29. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.8503. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Hsee, C. K., F. Yu, J. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2003. “Medium Maximization.” Journal of Consumer Research 30 (1): 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/374702. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Huotari, K., and J. Hamari. 2017. “A Definition for Gamification: Anchoring Gamification in the Service Marketing Literature.” Electronic Markets 27: 21–31.. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Jakicic, J. M., K. K. Davis, R. J. Rogers, W. C. King, M. D. Marcus, D. Helsel, … S. H. Belle. 2016. “Effect of Wearable Technology Combined With a Lifestyle Intervention on Long-Term Weight Loss: The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial.” Jama 316 (11): 1161–1171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.12858. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Jarrahi, M. H., N. Gafinowitz, and G. Shin. 2018. “Activity Trackers, Prior Motivation, and Perceived Informational and Motivational Affordances.” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 22 (2): 433–448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-017-1099-9. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Jones, D. B., N. E. Richeson, K. A. Croteau, and B. C. Farmer. 2009. “Focus Groups to Explore the Perceptions of Older Adults on a Pedometer-Based Intervention.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80 (4): 710–717. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599612. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]
Kalantari, M. 2017. “Consumers’ Adoption of Wearable Technologies: Literature Review, Synthesis, and Future Research Agenda.” International Journal of Technology Marketing 12 (3): 274–307. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Karapanos, E., R. Gouveia, M. Hassenzahl, and J. Forlizzi. 2016. “Wellbeing in the Making: Peoples’ Experiences with Wearable Activity Trackers.” Psychology of Well-Being 6 (1): 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-016-0042-6. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
Kim, J. 2014. “A Qualitative Analysis of User Experiences with a Self-Tracker for Activity, Sleep, and Diet.” Interactive Journal of Medical Research 3 (1): e8. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.2878. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
Kim, Y., A. Lumpkin, M. Lochbaum, S. Stegemeier, and K. Kitten. 2018. “Promoting Physical Activity Using a Wearable Activity Tracker in College Students: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Sports Sciences 36 (16): 1889–1896. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1423886. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Kinney, D. A., L. A. Nabors, A. L. Merianos, and R. A. Vidourek. 2019. “College Students’ Use and Perceptions of Wearable Fitness Trackers.” American Journal of Health Education 50 (5): 298–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2019.1642265. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Kolt, G. S., G. M. Schofield, N. Kerse, N. Garrett, T. Ashton, and A. Patel. 2012. “Healthy Steps Trial: Pedometer-Based Advice and Physical Activity for Low-Active Older Adults.” The Annals of Family Medicine 10 (3): 206–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1345. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Lazar, A., C. Koehler, J. Tanenbaum, and D. H. Nguyen. 2015. “Why We Use and Abandon Smart Devices.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. [Google Scholar]
Le, A., H. R. Mitchell, D. J. Zheng, J. Rotatori, J. T. Fahey, K. K. Ness, and N. S. Kadan-Lottick. 2017. “A Home-Based Physical Activity Intervention Using Activity Trackers in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Pilot Study.” Pediatric Blood & Cancer 64 (2): 387–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26235. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Maher, C., J. Ryan, C. Ambrosi, and S. Edney. 2017. “Users’ Experiences of Wearable Activity Trackers: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Public Health 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4888-1. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Maitland, J., Sherwood, S., Barkhuus, L., Anderson, I., Hall, M., Brown, B., … Muller, H. (2006). “Increasing the Awareness of Daily Activity Levels with Pervasive Computing.” Paper presented at the 2006 Pervasive Health Conference and Workshops. [Google Scholar]
Mauriello, M., M. Gubbels, and J. E. Froehlich. 2014. “Social Fabric Fitness: The Design and Evaluation of Wearable E-Textile Displays to Support Group Running.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. [Google Scholar]
McMahon, S. K., B. Lewis, M. Oakes, W. Guan, J. F. Wyman, and A. J. Rothman. 2016. “Older Adults’ Experiences Using a Commercially Available Monitor to Self-Track Their Physical Activity.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 4 (2). doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.5120. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Mercer, K., L. Giangregorio, E. Schneider, P. Chilana, M. Li, and K. Grindrod. 2016. “Acceptance of Commercially Available Wearable Activity Trackers among Adults Aged Over 50 and with Chronic Illness: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 4 (1): e7. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4225. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Miyazaki, R., K. Kotani, K. Tsuzaki, N. Sakane, Y. Yonei, and K. Ishii. 2015. “Effects of a Year-Long Pedometer-Based Walking Program on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Active Older People.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27 (2): 155–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513506603. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Naglis, M., and V. Bhatiasevi. 2019. “Why Do People Use Fitness Tracking Devices in Thailand? An Integrated Model Approach.” Technology in Society 58: 101146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101146. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Naslund, J. A., K. A. Aschbrenner, L. K. Barre, and S. J. Bartels. 2015. “Feasibility of Popular m-Health Technologies for Activity Tracking among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness.” Telemedicine and e-Health 21 (3): 213–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2014.0105. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Pellegrini, C. A., S. D. Verba, A. D. Otto, D. L. Helsel, K. K. Davis, and J. M. Jakicic. 2012. “The Comparison of a Technology-Based System and an in-Person Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.” Obesity 20 (2): 356–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.13. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Pettinico, G., and G. R. Milne. 2017. “Living by the Numbers: Understanding the “Quantification Effect”.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 34 (4): 281–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-06-2016-1839. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Pingo, Z., and B. Narayan. 2019. ““My Smartwatch Told Me to See a Sleep Doctor”: A Study of Activity Tracker Use.” Online Information Review. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-04-2018-0115. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Polzien, K. M., J. M. Jakicic, D. F. Tate, and A. D. Otto. 2007. “The Efficacy of a Technology-Based System in a Short-Term Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.” Obesity 15 (4): 825–830. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.584. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Preusse, K. C., T. L. Mitzner, C. B. Fausset, and W. A. Rogers. 2014. “Older Adults’ Changes in Intent to Adopt Wellness Management Technologies.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. [Google Scholar]
Preusse, K. C., T. L. Mitzner, C. B. Fausset, and W. A. Rogers. 2017. “Older Adults’ Acceptance of Activity Trackers.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 36 (2): 127–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464815624151. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Puri, A., B. Kim, O. Nguyen, P. Stolee, J. Tung, and J. Lee. 2017. “User Acceptance of Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Mixed Method Study.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 5 (11): e173. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.8211. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Randriambelonoro, M., Y. Chen, A. Geissbuhler, and P. Pu. 2015. “Exploring Physical Activity Monitoring Devices for Diabetic and Obese Patients.” Paper presented at the Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. [Google Scholar]
Randriambelonoro, M., Y. Chen, and P. Pu. 2017. “Can Fitness Trackers Help Diabetic and Obese Users Make and Sustain Lifestyle Changes?” Computer 50 (3): 20–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2017.92. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Razon, S., A. Wallace, J. Ballesteros, N. Koontz, L. W. Judge, and A. H. K. Montoye. 2019. “Perceptions of Physical Activity Tracking Devices: A Survey Analysis.” The Physical Educator 76 (1): 258–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.18666/TPE-2019-V76-I1-8470. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Rheingans, F., B. Cikit, and C.-P. H. Ernst. 2016. “The Potential Influence of Privacy Risk on Activity Tracker Usage: A Study.” In The Drivers of Wearable Device Usage, 25–35. Cham: Springer.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30376-5_3. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Rupp, M. A., J. R. Michaelis, D. S. McConnell, and J. A. Smither. 2018. “The Role of Individual Differences on Perceptions of Wearable Fitness Device Trust, Usability, and Motivational Impact.” Applied Ergonomics 70: 77–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.005. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2000a. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (1): 54–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2000b. “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2017. Self-determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: Guilford Publications. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Schall Jr, M. C., R. F. Sesek, and L. A. Cavuoto. 2018. “Barriers to the Adoption of Wearable Sensors in the Workplace: A Survey of Occupational Safety and Health Professionals.” Human Factors 60 (3): 351–362. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817753907. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Schüler, J. 2007. “Arousal of Flow Experience in a Learning Setting and its Effects on Exam Performance and Affect.” Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 21 (3/4): 217–227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652.21.3.217. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Seiler, R., and M. Hüttermann. 2015. “E-Health, Fitness Trackers and Wearables—Use among Swiss Students.” Paper presented at the Advances in Business-Related Scientific Research Conference 2015 Proceedings. [Google Scholar]
Shih, P. C., K. Han, E. S. Poole, M. B. Rosson, and J. M. Carroll. 2015. “Use and Adoption Challenges of Wearable Activity Trackers.” IConference 2015 Proceedings. [Google Scholar]
Shin, G., E. J. Cheon, and M. H. Jarrahi. 2015. “Understanding Quantified-Selfers’ Interplay between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Use of Activity-Tracking Devices.” IConference 2015 Proceedings. [Google Scholar]
Shuger, S. L., V. W. Barry, X. Sui, A. McClain, G. A. Hand, S. Wilcox, … S. N. Blair. 2011. “Electronic Feedback in a Diet-and Physical Activity-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (1): 41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-41. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
Singh, B., R. R. Spence, C. X. Sandler, J. Tanner, and S. C. Hayes. 2020. “Feasibility and Effect of a Physical Activity Counselling Session with or Without Provision of an Activity Tracker on Maintenance of Physical Activity in Women with Breast Cancer — A Randomised Controlled Trial.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 23: 283–290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.018. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Sjöklint, M., I. D. Constantiou, and M. Trier. 2013. “Numerical Representations and User Behaviour In Social Networking Sites: Towards A Multi-Theoretical Research Framework.” Paper presented at the ECIS. [Google Scholar]
Stiglbauer, B., S. Weber, and B. Batinic. 2019. “Does Your Health Really Benefit from Using a Self-Tracking Device? Evidence from a Longitudinal Randomized Control Trial.” Computers in Human Behavior 94: 131–139. . [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Strath, S. J., A. M. Swartz, S. J. Parker, N. E. Miller, E. K. Grimm, and S. E. Cashin. 2011. “A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Motivationally Matched Pedometer Feedback to Increase Physical Activity Behavior in Older Adults.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8 (s2): S267–S274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.s2.s267. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
Tatikonda, M. V., and S. R. Rosenthal. 2000. “Technology Novelty, Project Complexity, and Product Development Project Execution Success: A Deeper Look at Task Uncertainty in Product Innovation.” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 47 (1): 74–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/17.820727. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Thompson, W. G., C. L. Kuhle, G. A. Koepp, S. K. McCrady-Spitzer, and J. A. Levine. 2014. “‘Go4Life’ Exercise Counseling, Accelerometer Feedback, and Activity Levels in Older People.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 58 (3): 314–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.01.004. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Vallance, J. K., K. S. Courneya, R. C. Plotnikoff, Y. Yasui, and J. R. Mackey. 2007. “Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Print Materials and Step Pedometers on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (17): 2352–2359. doi:https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9988. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Vandelanotte, C., M. J. Duncan, C. A. Maher, S. Schoeppe, A. L. Rebar, D. A. Power, … S. J. Alley. 2018. “The Effectiveness of a Web-Based Computer-Tailored Physical Activity Intervention Using Fitbit Activity Trackers: Randomized Trial.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 20 (12): e11321. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/11321. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Van der Walt, N., L. J. Salmon, B. Gooden, M. C. Lyons, M. O’Sullivan, K. Martina, … J. P. Roe. 2018. “Feedback from Activity Trackers Improves Daily Step Count After Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” The Journal of Arthroplasty 33 (11): 3422–3428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2018.06.024. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Webster, D. M., and A. W. Kruglanski. 1994. “Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (6): 1049. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Whooley, M., B. Ploderer, and K. Gray. 2014. “On the Integration of Self-Tracking Data Amongst Quantified Self Members.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 28th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference on HCI 2014-Sand, Sea and Sky-Holiday HCI. [Google Scholar]
Wiesner, M., R. Zowalla, J. Suleder, M. Westers, and M. Pobiruchin. 2018. “Technology Adoption, Motivational Aspects, and Privacy Concerns of Wearables in the German Running Community: Field Study.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 6: e201. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.9623. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Yang, H., J. Yu, H. Zo, and M. Choi. 2016. “User Acceptance of Wearable Devices: An Extended Perspective of Perceived Value.” Telematics and Informatics 33 (2): 256–269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.08.007. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Zhu, Y., S. L. Dailey, D. Kreitzberg, and J. Bernhardt. 2017. “‘Social Networkout’: Connecting Social Features of Wearable Fitness Trackers with Physical Exercise.” Journal of Health Communication 22 (12): 974–980. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1382617. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]