Authors:

Gabija Didžiokaitė

Paula Saukko

Christian Greiffenhagen

Abstract:

In this article, we build on the work of Ruckenstein and Pantzar, who have demonstrated how our understanding of self-tracking has been influenced by the metaphor of the Quantified Self (QS). To complicate this very selective picture of self-tracking, we shift the focus in understanding self-tracking from members of the QS community to the experiences of ‘ordinary man and woman’. Therefore, we interviewed ‘everyday calorie trackers’, people who had themselves started using MyFitnessPal calorie counting app but were not part of any tracking community. Our analysis identifies three main themes – goals, use and effect – which highlight the mundane side of self-tracking, where people pursuing everyday, limited goals engage in basic self-tracking and achieve temporary changes. These experiences contrast with the account of self-tracking in terms of long-term, experimental analysis of data on the self or ‘biohacking’, which dominates the QS metaphor in the academic literature.

Document:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444817698478

References:

Bakardjieva, M, Smith, R (2001) The internet in everyday life: computer networking from the standpoint of the domestic user. New Media & Society 3(1): 67–83.

Barbrook, R, Cameron, A (1996) The Californian ideology. Science as Culture 6(1): 44–72.

Blackler, AL, Gomez, R, Popovic, V, et al. (2016) Life is too short to RTFM: how users relate to documentation and excess features in consumer products. Interacting with Computers 28(1): 27–46.

Cha, AE (2015) The revolution will be digitized. The Washington Post, 9th May. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/05/09/the-revolution-will-be-digitized/ (accessed 26 January 2016).

Charmaz, KC (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis.1st ed.London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: SAGE.

Choe, EK, Lee, NB, Lee, B, et al. (2014) Understanding quantified-selfers’ practices in collecting and exploring personal data. In: Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April–1 May 2014, pp. 1143–1152.New York: ACM.

Cohen, I, Blavin, J (2002) Gore, Gibson, and Goldsmith: the evolution of Internet metaphors in law and commentary. Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 16(1): 265.

Cordeiro, F, Bales, E, Cherry, E, et al Rethinking the mobile food journal: exploring opportunities for lightweight photo-based capture. In: Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, Seoul, Korea, 18–23 April 2015, pp. 3207–3216. New York: ACM.

Cordeiro, F, Epstein, DA, Thomaz, E, et al. (2015b) Barriers and negative nudges: exploring challenges in food journaling. In: Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, Seoul, Korea, 18–23 April 2015, pp. 1159–1162. New York: ACM.

De Certeau, M (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.

Denzin, NK (1978) The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Research Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Elsden, C, Kirk, DS, Durrant, AC (2015) A quantified past: towards design for remembering with personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction 31(6): 518–557.

Glaser, AL, Strauss, BG (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Hellsten, I (2003) Focus on metaphors: the case of ‘Frankenfood’ on the web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 8(4). Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00218.x/full/ (accessed 2 March 2017)

Henwood, F, Wyatt, S, Hart, A, et al. (2003) ‘Ignorance is bliss sometimes’: constraints on the emergence of the ‘informed patient’ in the changing landscapes of health information. Sociology of Health and Illness 25(6): 589–607.

Himanen, P (2001) The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Random House.

Lakoff, G, Johnson, M (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

Lee, VR (2014) What’s happening in the ‘Quantified Self’ movement? In: Proceedings of ICLS 2014, Boulder, CO, 23–27 June 2014, pp. 1032–1036. Boulder, CO: ISLS.

Li, I, Dey, A, Forlizzi, J (2010) A stage-based model of personal informatics systems. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI 2010, 1Atlanta, GA, 10–15 April 2010, pp. 557–566. New York: ACM.

Lupton, D (2013a) Quantifying the body: monitoring and measuring health in the age of mHealth technologies. Critical Public Health 23(4): 393–403.

Lupton, D (2013b) Understanding the human machine. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 32(4): 25–30.

Lupton, D (2016) The Quantified Self: A Sociology of Self-tracking. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

McGrenere, J, Moore, G (2000) Are we all in the same ‘bloat’? In: The Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2000, Montreal, Canada, 15–17 May 2000, pp. 187–196.

Mercer, K, Giangregorio, L, Schneider, E, et al. (2016) Acceptance of commercially available wearable activity trackers among adults aged over 50 and with chronic illness: a mixed-methods evaluation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 4(1): e7.

Nafus, D, Sherman, J (2014) This one does not go up to 11: the Quantified Self movement as an alternative big data practice. International Journal of Communications 8: 1784–1794.

Neff, G, Nafus, D (2015) Self-Tracking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Nettleton, S, Burrows, R, O’Malley, L (2005) The mundane realities of the everyday lay use of the internet for health, and their consequences for media convergence. Sociology of Health and Illness 27(7): 972–992.

Niva, M (2017) Online weight-loss services and a calculative practice of slimming. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 21(4): 409–424.

Porter, TM (1995) Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rooksby, J, Rost, M, Morrison, A, et al. (2014) Personal tracking as lived informatics. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April–1 May 2014, pp. 1163–1172. New York: ACM.

Ruckenstein, M (2014) Visualized and interacted life: personal analytics and engagements with data doubles. Societies 4(1): 68–84.

Ruckenstein, M (2015) Uncovering everyday rhythms and patterns: food tracking and new forms of visibility and temporality in health care. In: Botin, L, Pernille, B, Nøhr, C (eds) Techno-Anthropology in Health Informatics: Methodologies for Improving Human-Technology Relations. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, pp. 28–40.r

Ruckenstein, M, Pantzar, M (2017) Beyond the Quantified Self: thematic exploration of a dataistic paradigm. New Media & Society 19:(3), 401–418.

Schüll, ND (2016) Data for life: wearable technology and the design of self-care. BioSocieties 11(3):1–17.

Schutz, A, Luckmann, T (1973) The Structures of the Life-World [by] Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckmann (trans Zaner, RM, Engelhardt, HT). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Sharon, T, Zandbergen, D (2017) From data fetishism to quantifying selves: self-tracking practices and the other values of data. New Media & Society 19(11):1695–1709.

Statista (2015) Unit shipments forecast basic/smart wearables worldwide from 2014 to 2019 (in millions). Available at: http://www.statista.com/statistics/296565/wearables-worldwide-shipments/ (accessed 5 October 2015).

Swan, M (2012) Health 2050: the realization of personalized medicine through crowdsourcing, the Quantified Self, and the participatory biocitizen. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2(3): 93–118.

Swan, M (2013) The Quantified Self: fundamental disruption in big data science and biological discovery. Big Data 1(2): 85–99.

Weintraub, K (2013) Quantified Self: the tech based route to better self. BBC Future, 3rd January. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130102-self-track-route-to-a-better-life (accessed 3 January 2016).

Whooley, M, Ploderer, B, Gray, K (2014) On the integration of self-tracking data amongst Quantified Self members. In: Proceedings of the 28th international BCS human computer interaction conference, Southport, 9–12 September 2014, BCS, pp. 151–160.

Wilde, MH, Garvin, S (2007) A concept analysis of self-monitoring. Journal of Advanced Nursing 57(3): 339–350.

Wolf, G (2010) The data-driven life. The New York Times, 2nd May. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/magazine/02self-measurement-t.html

Wyatt, S (2003) Non-users also matter: the construction of users and non-users of the Internet. In: Oudshoorn, N, Pinch, T (eds) How Users Matter: The Co-Construction of Users and Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 67–80.

Wyatt, S (2004) Danger! Metaphors at work in economics, geophysiology, and the Internet. Science, Technology, & Human Values 29(2): 242–261.